Humanity would not be able to achieve today's progress without the possibility of verbal communication with each other. Speech is our wealth. The ability to communicate with people of both their own and other nationalities allowed countries to come to the current level of civilization.
Someone else's speech
In addition to their own words, there is such a thing as "someone else's speech." These are statements that do not belong to the author, but are included in the general conversation. The words of the author himself are also referred to as someone else’s speech, but only those phrases that he spoke either in the past or plans to say in the future. Mental, the so-called "inner speech", also refers to someone else's. It may be oral or written.
As an example, we cite a quote from Mikhail Bulgakov’s book “The Master and Margarita”: “Do you think?” Berlioz whispered in alarm, and he thought: “But he is right!”
Speech transmission
Over time, special ways of transmitting someone else’s speech appeared in the language:
- Direct speech.
- Indirect speech.
- Dialog.
- Citation.
Direct speech
If we consider the methods of transmitting someone else's speech, then this one is intended for the literal reproduction of the form and content of the conversation.
Direct speech constructions consist of two parts - these are the author’s words and, in fact, direct speech. The structure of these structures can be different. So, how can there be ways to transmit someone else's speech? Examples:
- First come the words of the author, followed by direct speech.
Masha entered the hotel room, looked around, and then turned to Kolya and said: “Great room! I’d even stay here to live. ”
- Here first comes a direct speech, and only then the words of the author.
"A great room! I would even stay here," said Masha Kole when she entered the hotel room.
- The third method allows you to alternate direct speech with the words of the author.
“Great room!” Masha admired when she entered the hotel room. Then she turned to Kolya: “I would stay here.”
Indirect speech
Third-party speech can be transmitted in various ways. One of them is the use of indirect speech. Indirect speech is a complex sentence with an explanatory clause. Thus, the transmission of someone else's speech can be carried out. Examples:
Masha told Kolya that the hotel room was excellent and she would even have stayed in it.
They greeted each other, and Andrei told Mikhail Viktorovich that he was very glad to see him.
Means of communication
The way in which the union or the union word to combine the main and the subordinate clause in indirect speech is called the choice of means of communication. It depends on the initial sentence and on the purpose of the statement. The message may be narrative, motivational or interrogative.
- In a narrative sentence, the unions “what”, “like”, or “like” are most often used. For example: A student said: “I will make a report at the seminar on the environmental problems of the region.” / The student said that he will make a presentation at the seminar on the environmental problems of the region.
- The incentive sentence applies the “to.” For example: The school principal ordered: "Take part in a city exhibition." / The school principal ordered them to take part in the city exhibition.
- In an interrogative sentence, a relative pronoun, a “li” particle, or double particles “li ... li” can become a means of communication. For example: Students asked the teacher: "When do I need to take a coursework in your subject?" / Students asked the teacher when it would be necessary to take a term paper.
In indirect speech it is customary to use pronouns and verbs from the position of the speaker. When sentences are translated from direct to indirect speech, the word order is often changed in them, and the loss of individual elements is also noted. Most often these are interjections, particles or introductory words. For example: “Tomorrow, it may be very cold,” my friend said. / My friend suggested that it would be very cold tomorrow.
Own direct speech
Considering the methods of transmitting someone else’s speech, one should also mention such a thing as improperly direct speech. This concept includes both direct and indirect speech. A statement of this kind retains, in whole or in part, both the syntactic and lexical features of speech, conveys the speaker's manner.
Its main feature is the narrative transmission. It is on behalf of the author, and not on the character itself.
For example: "She measured the steps of a room, not knowing what to do. Well, how to explain to her brother that it was not she who told her parents everything. They themselves won’t tell about it. But who will believe her! How many times she gave him his tricks, and then ... you need to come up with something. "
Dialog
Another way to convey someone else's speech is dialogue. This is a conversation between several people, expressed in direct speech. It consists of replicas, that is, the transmission of the words of each participant in the conversation without their changes. Each pronounced phrase is associated with others in structure and meaning, and punctuation marks do not change when transmitting someone else's speech. The dialogue may contain the words of the author.
For instance:
- Well, how do you like our number? - asked Kolya.
- Great room! - Masha answered him. - I would even stay here to live.
Types of Dialogs
There are several basic types of dialogs. They convey people's conversations with each other and, like a conversation, can be of a different nature.
- The dialogue may consist of questions and answers to them:
- Great news! And when will the concert take place? - asked Vika.
“In a week, on the seventeenth.” He will be at six o’clock. You have to go, you won’t regret it!
- Sometimes the speaker is interrupted at a glance. In this case, the dialogue will consist of unfinished phrases, which the interlocutor continues:
- And at that time our dog began to bark loudly ...
- Ah, I remembered! You were still in a red dress. Yes, that day we had a great time. It will be necessary to repeat somehow.
- In some dialogs, the replicas of the speakers complement and continue the general idea. They talk about one common subject:
“Here we’ll save some more money and we will be able to purchase a small house,” said the father of the family.
- Yes, somewhere far away from the bustle of the city center. Better on its outskirts. Or even in the suburbs, closer to nature, the forest, to the fresh air, ”his mother caught his thought.
“And I will have my own room!” I must have my own room! And the dog! We’ll have a dog, right, mom? - asked the seven-year-old Anya.
- Of course. Who else will be able to guard our house? - Mom answered her.
- Sometimes the interviewers may agree or disprove each other's statements:
“I called her today,” he told his sister, “in my opinion, she was feeling ill.” The voice is weak and hoarse. I got really sick.
“No, she’s better,” the girl replied. - The temperature subsided, and the appetite appeared. Soon he’ll recover completely.
This is how the main forms of dialogue look. But do not forget that we do not communicate in only one style. During a conversation, we combine different phrases, situations. Therefore, there is a complex form of dialogue, containing various combinations of it.
Quotes
When a student is asked: “What are the ways of transmitting someone else’s speech”, he most often recalls the concepts of direct and indirect speech, as well as quotations. Quotes are the literal reproduction of a particular person’s statement. Cited phrases in order to clarify, confirm or refute someone else's thought.
Confucius once said: "Choose a job for your liking, and you will not have to work a single day in your life."
A quote as a way of transmitting someone else’s speech helps to demonstrate one’s own education, and sometimes to drive one’s interlocutor into a dead end. Most people know that certain phrases were once uttered by someone, but they don’t know who these people were. Using quotes, you need to be sure of their authorship.
Finally
There are various ways of transmitting someone else's speech. The main ones are direct and indirect speech. There is a method that includes both of these concepts - this is an indirectly direct speech. Conversations of two or more people are called dialogue. And this is also the transmission of someone else's speech. Well, quoting Socrates: "The only true wisdom is in the realization that we essentially do not know anything."