The members of the proposal, which are in the nature of additional information, along the way, to expand the content of the main statement, belong to the category of joining. They are entered using individual words, combinations or particles and are highlighted with commas in the letter.
We’ll talk more about these words, or rather about specific examples of the use of some of them.
When a comma is placed near the union
Including - this is a union that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the proposal to existing ones.
The letter should be remembered that the connecting turnover (which includes the union “including”) separates the comma from the rest of the sentence. For instance:
- Today we have all the guys gathered , including Pavlik, to discuss the current situation.
- This was already known everywhere, including in our town.
And in order for the affiliate member or turnover to be considered separate and requiring commas to be marked on both sides, one needs to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.
So, in the case when the withdrawal of the turnover does not distort the structure of the proposal - it can be considered isolated:
- In all his works, including this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (withdrawal of circulation is possible, therefore it is distinguished by commas).
But in the case of the example: “In all, including in this work, the author skillfully conveys reality”, the removal will violate the structure - “in all ... the work”, which means that the turnover is not isolated.
Is a comma between the affiliate turnover and the union “including”
Please note that the union “including” is not an introductory word, which means that it is not separated by commas on both sides. Moreover, if the unions “a” or “and” are used in addition to the union, then they form a single combination and are not separated by a comma:
- Everyone got what they deserved, including Tolik.
- Natasha loved to draw portraits, including from memory, but she was shy to show them to her friends (as you see, there is no comma between the unions and the combination of “including”).
But pay attention to one more detail - for the correct application of the union “including”, it is necessary that the sentence contains an indication of the whole, part of which will be joined through this union. Compare:
- We had to ask the people we met and shout loudly, calling for her, including in the park (an unacceptable design, since there is no word with a generalizing meaning before the union);
- We had to ask the people we met and shout loudly, calling her everywhere, including in the park (the correct construction, since the sentence has a generalizing word “everywhere”, to which information is added).
How to put commas near the union "for example"
Often there is another mistake in the letter - an extra comma after the word “for example”. Commas, by the way, in this case are placed according to several general rules, which we will now give.
If the word "for example" is before the connecting revolution to which it refers, then the whole revolution is highlighted with commas, and not the word:
- Some girls, such as Tanya, helped clean the classroom.
If a revolution including the word “for example” is indicated by dashes or brackets, then after “for example” commas are placed:
- Some girls ( for example , Tanya) helped in cleaning the class.
If the word “for example” appears behind the joining member, then in this case, it is highlighted with commas on both sides:
- Some girls helped clean up the classroom. For example , Tanya washed the desks.
After “for example” there can be a colon, in situations when it is after a word with a generalizing meaning in front of homogeneous members:
- Some fruits are dangerous to give allergy sufferers, for example : oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.
If the mentioned word refers to the whole sentence or to its subordinate part (in the case when it is complex), then it is separated by commas on both sides:
- And what will you do if, for example , we meet hooligans?
This rule applies to turnover, including the combination of "in particular" or "for example" and the like.
About how opening words stand out
Further, some introductory words will be considered , so it is worth remembering how they stand out in a letter.
Introductory words help clarify what has been said or emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in written - by commas. If such words are at the beginning of the sentence, the punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then in front of them, including a comma, is needed when the introductory word is in the middle of the sentence. Then it is distinguished from two sides.
How “however” stands out in the letter
The word “however” fulfills both the role of the introductory word and the union or interjection. Therefore, highlighting it with commas depends on what role it plays in this sentence and where it is located.
You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate turnover, then after the “however” the comma is placed:
- However , looking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.
And in the middle of such a turn, it stands out on both sides:
- He listened to the story, but not quite, however , interestingly, and diligently smiled.
When using the specified word as an interjection, a comma is necessary after and before “however”:
- However , how you grew up during this time!
If “however” is used as a union at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, but when connecting parts of a complex sentence with it, a comma is placed in front of it:
- However, the sun we did not wait.
- Petra was asked to sing a guitar for a long time, but he did not agree.
How are commas placed with the word "please"
How commas will stand next to the word “please” largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a courteous address, then it is highlighted with commas according to the general rules for this type of word:
- Please do not remember the flowers in the flowerbed.
- Please tell me how to get to Ivanova Street?
- Sit down, please .
But there are situations in which commas are not placed next to the word "please." Firstly, if it is used as a particle having the value “yes”, and secondly, if “please” is included in the phrase:
- Now please (that is, “yes”), and tomorrow nothing will work out (here the comma does not separate “please”, but stands before the union “a”).
- Please tell me how everything has changed around! (the emotional expression “please say” is highlighted in its entirety; one described word is not highlighted).
How are commas placed next to the word "therefore"
When thinking whether a comma should be before or after the word “therefore,” you should definitely pay attention to the situation in which this adverb is used. Most often, it is used as an analogue of the union in complex sentences with a causal value:
- The sky was cloudy, so everyone was expecting rain.
- The cup leaned treacherously, so a dark spot appeared on the shirt.
- Frost hit the night, so the sidewalk was covered with a crust of ice.
In such situations, a “therefore” is placed before the comma, as before the union, which connects the two parts of a complex sentence.
By the way, this word is often confused with the introductory, highlighting it with commas in the letter, but it is included in the group of particles and adverbs that never belong to the introductory words, which means that they do not need to be mentioned.
Summarize
If you are thinking about how the connecting phrases or introductory words are highlighted in the letter and whether the comma is also placed after the word “therefore,” remember the nuances that allow you to correctly place punctuation marks. For this:
- pay attention to the context of the sentence;
- remember that the introductory word, as well as the connecting turn, is easily removed from the sentence;
- do not forget which words cannot serve as introductory words;
- if the word is nevertheless introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them in a letter;
- and when using the adverb “therefore,” remember the punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.