Specialization is the differentiation of the manufacturing process of manufacturing (repair) of products. At the same time, a specific unit of a structure or a specific operation is assigned to a business unit (workshop, site, position). The calculation of the coefficient of specialization of production is a prerequisite for the analysis of the type of production system and the level of technological development of the enterprise as a whole.
System Specialization Conditions
There is a direct correlation of the coefficient of specialization with the features of production systems. So, for mass types, the specialization in a specific operation, which is repeated in time, is characteristic. To do this, the condition must be met:
∑N i × t i = F d ,
- where N i is the volume (program) of manufacturing the i-th part for the specified time, units;
- t i - the duration of the operation, hours;
- F d - the actual annual fund for the use of equipment, hours.
In serial systems, there is a specialization in a limited number of operations, which at the same time alternate in the prescribed manner. The condition will take the form:
∑N i × t i ≤ F d
Specialization coefficient calculation
The study of the development aspects of the specialization of the enterprise or individual units is carried out using a number of characteristics:
- specific volume of special (automatic) equipment of the enterprise;
- the amount of equipment used in line production;
- parts of special technological elements in the overall process;
- percentage of unification regarding units and parts;
- percent of typical (homogeneous) technological processes.
The coefficient of specialization can be determined in this way:
K c = ∑K i ÷ n i ,
- where K i - the number of operations at the i-th position (workplace);
- n i is the number of positions.
Impact of processing technology
In practice, the type of specialization of an enterprise or its part affects the determination of the coefficient of specialization. Most of the used technological processes, as a rule, belong to single or group.
The units are based on the details of the same name, dimensions and manufacturing methods. The specified homogeneity makes it possible to use special tooling and equipment, allows to achieve maximum detail of the process elements. These forms are well adapted to mass production systems.
Group processes are based on the similarity of operations in content and form, but are typical for products with different design features. This form of technology construction makes it possible to readjust tooling in the process of processing products, through the use of complex parts. Each of these parts is associated with a specific technology - grinding, turning, milling, etc. Group technology is suitable for serial production, allowing you to increase the technical and organizational level and creating more advanced production conditions (like systems of a higher level).
Calculation of coefficient taking into account technology
The coefficient of specialization is determined according to the existing structure of production of the considered department (section) of the system:
- for each unit - in the case of workshops with a specific focus (operations different in content over similar batches of parts) —trolley shop, wheel shop;
- the calculation is carried out for the general scheme of the enterprise — if the workshops are organized on a technological basis (the operations are the same in terms of components with different structural bases) — galvanic, welding, assembly.
When the company uses both of these technologies, the formula for the specialization coefficient should take into account the loading of equipment (equipment) and the adopted processing scheme.
In this case, the coefficient is defined as follows:
K co = K ze × (K zed / K oz ) + K zg × (K zgr / K oz ),
- where K co - coefficient of specialization of the entire system;
- To z and To zg - the coefficients of operations on a single and group technology;
- To zed and To zgr - load factors of work positions, respectively, according to different processing schemes (single and group);
- To oz - the average load factor of jobs (positions).
Conclusion
As can be seen from the analysis, specialization has different forms and aspects of use. It manifests itself at all levels of production and has a direct impact on the further development of the enterprise in time. Deepening the specialization of all levels of the production system enables the transition to the most productive and high-quality enterprise management models.