Each country runs its own economy. It is thanks to the industry that the budget is replenished, the necessary goods, products, and raw materials are manufactured. The degree of development of the state largely depends on the effectiveness of the national economy. The higher it is developed, the greater the country's economic potential and, accordingly, the standard of living of its citizens. Management of sectors of the economy is carried out by special bodies. Strategically important enterprises are often controlled by the state.
The concept of an industry
All enterprises, factories, institutions that are engaged in the manufacture of products or services of the same type, make up a particular industry. Very often, sectors of the economy interact closely with each other. They use in their production materials, raw materials, equipment of other industries. All sectors of the economy can be divided into two groups. The first includes mining industry. She is engaged in mining, other varieties of raw materials. Also included are seafood. The second category is manufacturing. This type is engaged in the processing of all kinds of raw materials. The main sectors of the national economy are directly industry, agriculture, construction, and the transport system. They, in turn, are divided into other subtypes.
Economic zones of Russia
The territory of the country has an uneven distribution of mineral reserves. That is why the sectors of the Russian economy form two large economic zones: Eastern and Western. The first unites Siberia, the Far East and is characterized by considerable reserves of resources. The mining industry prevails here . The western part does not have such a raw material base. Therefore, here the branches of the economy are mainly manufacturing. 2/3 of all industrial areas are concentrated in this region.
Sectors of the national economy. Classification
Depending on what the purpose of the products is, the industry of groups “A” and “B” is distinguished. The first is engaged in the manufacture of means of production, the second - in consumer products. Also distinguish between production and non-production areas. Industries that relate to the manufacturing sector:
- industry;
- communication, transport;
- Agriculture;
- forest industry;
- construction;
- catering.
All services, public services make up the non-production sphere:
- healthcare
- education;
- utilities;
- art, culture;
- finance, pensions;
- science, etc.
Gas, oil, coal industry
The country's fuel and energy complex is a very important indicator of its development and economic potential. The gas industry includes gas exploration, production, transportation and use. Extracting blue fuel is relatively inexpensive. For example, the cost of coal production exceeds the cost of gas production by more than 10 times. The oil industry is engaged in the search for deposits, production and delivery of oil. Along the way, natural gas is also extracted. The most expensive is the coal industry. Coal , brown coal is mined in mines. Such sectors of the economy require significant financial investments, as well as a large amount of human resources.
Power industry
The fuel and energy complex also includes production and distribution of electrical energy. It is produced at thermal power plants, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants. Heating stations use gas, coal, fuel oil or peat for production. When burned, thermal energy is converted into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants are being built on the shores of large reservoirs. The cost of the electricity they produce is much lower. If the region does not have rivers and large reserves of fuel, then nuclear power plants are being built. Uranium ores are used in their work . Fuel consumption is significantly less. Another undoubted advantage is the preservation of a clean environment. A new word in the energy sector is geothermal stations. They use the internal heat of the earth (located near volcanoes).
Metallurgy
The economic sectors of many countries (including Russia) include the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Allocate metallurgy of the full cycle (production of cast iron, steel, rolled metal) and conversion, in which cast iron is absent. The location of enterprises of this type is affected by the availability of raw materials and electricity. The sectors of the national economy of Russia, which are engaged in the production of steel and rolled products, are one of the world leaders. The manufacturing technology of non-ferrous metals has a number of features. First of all, ores are mined, then their enrichment occurs. Concentrate, rough metal is produced. To give it the necessary properties and parameters, a refining operation is performed. The production of heavy (nickel, lead, tin) and light (aluminum, titanium) metals is distinguished. Metallurgy of heavy metals is material-intensive: the production of one ton of metal requires several hundred tons of ore. Most often, such enterprises are located near sources of raw materials.
Engineering
The enterprises of the machine-building complex must take into account a number of factors: the availability of raw materials and consumers, the high qualification of personnel, favorable transport and geographical location. This includes the following sectors of the economy: automotive, railcar industry, the manufacture of ships, tractors. Also in this category include instrumentation, the manufacture of household appliances and electronic computers. The industry also manufactures parts and components.
Forestry, chemical industries
Products of the timber industry complex are found to us every day. This notebooks and furniture and much more. Logging branches of the economy are engaged in the collection, processing and processing of wood. Often, such enterprises are located in regions with extensive tree planting. The woodworking industry makes building parts from wood, plywood, furniture.
This area also includes the sawmill industry. Pulp and paper industries produce paper, cardboard, pulp, paper containers and much more. The chemical industry is also distinguished. She is engaged in the manufacture of solvents, methyl alcohol, hydrolysis production. The chemical industry includes the manufacture of fibers, dyes, plastics, the paint and varnish industry. Also in this complex is pharmacology, the production of organic synthesis substances, household chemicals.
Agriculture
Agriculture is a rather important component of the country's economy, because it is it that provides the population with food. This category is divided into animal husbandry and the cultivation of all kinds of plants (vegetables, fruits, grains and industrial crops, etc.).
The agricultural sectors involved in animal breeding are cattle breeding (meat, dairy breeds), sheep breeding, and poultry farming. There are also farms for raising pigs, horses, fish,
fur animals. Beekeeping is also one of the areas of livestock.