It would be difficult for us to have to respond with a refusal if not for the negative particle. As one of the most used office parts of speech, it helps us to express our attitude to a particular situation. We will talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as about varieties, in our article.
Particles
All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service parts of speech come to their aid . The negative particle also belongs to them. However, this is not the only variety of this group.
There are the following:
- Forming the form: let it, come on.
- Interrogative: perhaps, perhaps.
- Exclamations: like, what the hell.
- Requirement: ka, s.
- Doubt: whether.
Each of them has its own specific purpose and special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.
"Neither"
In writing negative particles very often difficulties arise. It turns out that “not” and “neither” have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.
We will write “neither”:
- When we want to strengthen the existing denial. Compare the two sentences:
- There were no fish in the lake. 2. We did not see any fish in the lake.
In the second sentence, the denial is stronger than in the first. The emphasis is made on the fact that in the pond fishermen did not observe fish at all, absolutely none.
- In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent part.
For example: No matter where I went, I always thought about the sea.
I can’t learn the rules from me, no matter how hard you try.
- When using homogeneous and enumerated members.
For example: I could neither eat, nor drink, nor read when I was sick.
Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were done by Petya on time.
- Missing predicate. Very often, you can substitute the words "no" or "no."
For example: No fire, no smoke (no).
Neither lie down nor rest (not allowed).
The main function that this negative particle conveys is amplification.
"Not"
This service part of speech has a slightly different meaning. Usually we use “not” when we want to refuse something or to give the word antonymical meaning. Consider other cases where "not" is a negative particle:
- The double “no” is pronounced upon approval.
For example: I could not say about it. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.
- In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise, we also write “not”:
How not to admire this city! What color did the sky not flicker during a thunderstorm!
It is worth distinguishing between the spelling “not” and “neither” in pronouns. In this situation, it all depends on the stress. In a strong position we write “E”: SOMEONE, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. Without stress, we use “I”: No way, None of which, NOT about anyone.
"Not" with verbs and participles
It is not easy for students to memorize the rules for spelling a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. How is the particle “Not” written with the participles? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. Immediately recall her similar spelling with a verb. The participle is formed just from him. Hence the same principle of writing them. For example: do not - without doing, do not sunbathe - without sunbathing.
However, there are cases when the word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Consider an example: Resent about the rain - screaming, indignant at the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar participle, the negative particle is written together.
This rule is most easily remembered by students, since it has very few exceptions.
Particle “not” with nouns
The spelling rules of words are far from always simple. For example, im.sushch, as well as im.pril. and adverbs have their own pattern of using them with a particle of "not."
Together we will write it in the following cases:
- Educational antonyms with "no." For example: a friend is a foe, the weather is bad weather, a beautiful one is ugly, a little is a lot.
- The impossibility of using words without "not": Awkward, scoundrel, sloven, frantically.
Separately, “not” is written if:
- There is a clear contrast. Usually it is expressed by the union "a". For example: A man was not his friend, but his enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
- Negation is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We did not come in the evening, but at night.
- There is a gain. For example: Our neighbor is not at all tall. My sister is by no means a sneak.
We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you remember this important feature, then you do not have to memorize the spelling “not” for each part of the speech separately.
Not with the participles
Another case when a negative particle is written “not” and not “neither” is its use with participles. Many confuse his spelling with gerunds. These parts of speech were formed from verbs, but with “no” they are written in completely different ways.
Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form turns with the help of dependent words. In the case when it is used precisely as part of a turnover, we will write it separately with “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a deuce. As you can see, the sacrament “not fulfilled” is written separately from “not”, because it carries with it the dependent word “exercise”. In this case, it enters into the sacrament participle, which explains its spelling with a negative particle.
However, there is another side to this rule. In the case where there is no turnover, the sacrament changes its spelling. Consider an example: The exercise remained unfulfilled.
It would seem that the meaning of the proposal has not changed. However, the syntax in it is completely different. Now the sacrament has no dependent words. This means that there is no reason to write it with a particle separately.
We will change this example with just one word: The exercise remained unfulfilled by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms the sacrament (by the students). In such a situation, we will write it separately from the "not".
Well, and, of course, as in every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle without this particle is not used, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a revolution or is absent. For example: The raging wind did not abate until dawn.
Conclusion
In this article, we examined the main cases when “not” is a negative particle, and when it performs other roles. Do not confuse it with “neither”: they have various spelling features. However, the main function of “not” is still negation. In some interrogative-exclamatory sentences, we can use it as affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of the speech it is written differently.