The system of metrological support, in accordance with Art. 71 of the Constitution, is in federal jurisdiction. The norm secures for the state centralized leadership of key issues in this area. Pursuant to Article 71 federal laws were passed defining the foundations of metrological support.
Institute structure
The metrological support system covers various areas of the company’s activities. It includes standards, standards, metric standards, rules for calculating time. Metrological support is a complex of certain operations of a regulatory nature. These include:
- Establishment of requirements. Metrological support of measurements, for example, involves determining the parameters of their reliability.
- Planning. As part of this operation, measurements are formed during the development of techniques.
- The choice of equipment and tools. It is carried out taking into account the established parameters of the reliability of the results.
- Statistical processing. During this operation, the results obtained during measurements are generalized and their reliability is evaluated.
- Interlaboratory comparison. During this procedure, the control of the reliability parameters of the measurement results is organized and carried out. In particular, measurements are taken in different places, and then the obtained indicators are compared.
The scientific basis is metrology. Within the framework of this discipline, methods of making measurements, methods of achieving the necessary accuracy are studied.
GSI
Metrological assurance of measurement uniformity is regulated at the federal level. An appropriate institution has been created and is functioning in the Russian Federation. The state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements is a set of normative acts of intersectoral and interregional levels. They establish norms, requirements and rules aimed at achieving and maintaining a uniform measurement in the country with proper accuracy. Documents are approved by Rosstandart.
The objects
Metrological support of measurements covers:
- Physical units quantities.
- Verification schemes and state standards.
- Methods and tools of verification.
- Methods of rationing and nomenclature of parameters of measuring instruments.
- Accuracy indicators.
- Ways of expression, presentation of parameters and results.
- Measurement procedures.
- Methods for assessing the reliability, the form of providing information about the properties of materials and substances.
- Requirements for samples.
- Definitions and terms.
- Organization and procedure for testing, metrological certification and verification, calibration, examination of regulatory, technical, technological, design, design documentation.
Theoretical base
Metrological support is a combination of:
- State standards. They are set for units of physical. quantities. The complex includes 114 primary and more than 250 secondary standards.
- Operations for the transfer of sizes of units of physical. values from samples to measuring instruments.
- Procedures for the development, issuance of instruments and equipment for making measurements.
- State test operations.
- Verification and calibration procedures.
- Standard samples of the properties and composition of materials and substances, reference information about their physical constants and characteristics.
Subjects
Metrological support is an activity within the competence of:
- HMS. The State Metrology Service is headed by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation.
- Authorized government agencies of the Russian Federation and legal entities. They form a network of organizations and institutions working throughout the country in the field of metrological support.
In their activities, these entities are guided by sectoral legislative acts.
Scientific and technical base
Currently, metrological support is an active tool used to create effective technological processes, introduce flexible automated circuits, reliable assessment and analysis of the properties of finished products. More recently, this field of activity was considered applied. The current standards were aimed at the metrological support of production and operation, as well as the improvement of the development processes of instruments for making measurements. However, modernity poses new challenges. Today, metrological support of control is a combination of organizational and technical measures aimed at obtaining and subsequent application of the results of measurements of the necessary accuracy.
Key processes
Metrological support of production includes:
- Determination of the nomenclature of the parameters of products, materials, processes to be evaluated at different stages.
- The choice of the list and numerical values for indicators of accuracy of the results of measurements, checks and control, forms of their provision. They should contribute to the optimal solution of the tasks for which the results are intended.
- Examination of design, technological and design documentation. It is carried out to verify the correctness of the results of solving previous problems.
- Planning tests, measurements, development and certification of methods.
- Selection of appropriate tools. Metrological support of tests, measurements, evaluations can be carried out using serial production equipment. In addition, the norms allow the development and certification of devices that have not passed standardization.
- Maintain equipment in good condition. Means of metrological support should be regularly tested for operability and suitability for use.
- Taking measurements, processing the results (if necessary).
The organization’s metrological support includes training and raising the qualification level of employees whose activities relate to the receipt and use of assessment results, measurements and inspections.
Responsible persons
The set of measures described above is performed by authorized technical services. They are responsible for the metrological support of the enterprise and are associated with data processing, instrumentation and regulatory support for the processes of their receipt. The selection of the range of quantities and parameters is carried out by designers, developers of new operations, materials or products based on modeling and studying their properties. The determination of accuracy standards is carried out by those entities for which they are intended - manufacturers, sellers or users of processes, products or raw materials.
The examination is carried out by professionally trained groups of specialists. They include designers, technologists, employees of departmental metrology services. Planning and execution of measurements, checks, analysis is the responsibility of scientific and technical personnel. These specialists develop and implement production processes for products and materials. Metrological support of control, inspections and measurements is carried out in a centralized manner. Responsible subjects in this case are the ministries that develop appropriate tools and methods. Collateral can also be decentralized. It is carried out by entities performing measurements, inspections and supervising compliance with established requirements. Maintenance of funds in a healthy state is provided by technical services. Their competence includes certification, verification, equipment repair.
MVI
A measurement technique is a set of tools, a method and rules for preparing and performing measurements, processing and providing results.
The content, conditions and sequence of these actions are subject to certain requirements. They are called measurement rules. These requirements contribute to the complete solution of specific tasks. The rules provide information on the measurement value by a certain method and technical tools. If they are followed, data is also recorded in a form convenient for subsequent use.
The second component of MVI are technical means. They include instruments for direct measurement, as well as auxiliary equipment. The latter is necessary to create the proper conditions and regimes. Examples of auxiliary devices are communication channels, shielding and thermostatic installations, vibration dampers, and so on.
The third component of MVI is the measurement method. It includes a set of principles and tools. There are methods of indirect and direct measurements. The latter are considered common. These, for example, include the zero, differential, difference methods, direct assessment. They allow in some cases to compensate for or eliminate significant errors. Indirect measurement methods usually reflect in the names the physical principles on which they are based. They include a large range of techniques.
Important point
The development and certification of methods are inherently the only ways to implement guaranteed metrological support for production and product verification. This is due to the following. The key feature of the development of the measurement technique today is the introduction into practical use of indirect methods. They are based on newly discovered phenomena and patterns. Metrological quality assurance by these methods is accompanied by high accuracy and resolution. Indirect techniques allow you to identify large ranges in those areas where direct methods do not work. In this case, errors are the determining indicators of accuracy. They are caused by the incompleteness of equations describing the dependence of quantities measured indirectly on the quantitative properties of phenomena and processes. Equally important is the inconstancy of empirical or theoretical coefficients when changing the properties of objects, conditions and measurement modes. In addition, when using multiblock complex systems, the characteristics of auxiliary equipment have a great influence on the formation of common errors.
Certification MVI
It is a study focused on assessing the maximum permissible measurement errors carried out by this method. The purpose of certification is to establish compliance between deviations and specified standards. In some cases, the "maximum task" is put in practice. It involves the determination of modes, procedures, conditions under which errors are minimized.
Key Approaches
The certification method is selected depending on the complexity of the tasks and methods used. The calculation approach is used when performing simple measurements. As a rule, for them the characteristics of errors are determined by the normalized values given in the technical documentation. The calculation and experimental method of certification is based on an element-wise analysis of the probable causes, factors, and sources of deviations. The complexity in this case is not so much an analysis as a reasonable identification of circumstances that significantly affect the error. The essence of the experimental method is a direct and direct comparison of the results obtained by measurements taken simultaneously and under the same conditions with more accurate tools and methods.