As you know, all parts of speech in the Russian language are divided into two groups: independent and official.
Significant words, in addition to morphological features, have a lexical meaning. That is, a specific interpretation that can be learned from the dictionary.
The service parts of speech have only a grammatical meaning. Their functions in the language, as is clear from the very name of this group, come down only to serving independent words.
Prepositions, for example, express the dependence of some significant units on others in a sentence or phrase. Unions have two functions in the syntactic structure. They either connect two sentences as part of a complex, or connect homogeneous members.
The third service part of speech, like unions, also has two functions. But before considering them, it is necessary to determine what a particle is and what it is.
To begin with, this part of speech is unchangeable, but, unlike significant words, consists exclusively of the root morpheme. In addition, all particles are not members of the sentence, they are emphasized along with the word to which they refer.
Depending on the discharge, particles can contribute to the formation of verb forms or express semantic nuances.
In total, this part of speech has three groups of words.
The first discharge of particles is formative. As the name implies, they perform an auxiliary function. With their help, forms of conditional and imperative mood are formed :
- I would have learned the rule if I had not been lazy.
- Long live the king!
- Let's hold hands.
- Let's leave early.
- Let him go home!
- May there always be summer.
Answering the question of what a particle is, students usually recall the second category of this part of speech. Negative "NOT" and "NO", which are studied for continuous and separate spelling with different categories of words, students remember easily.
The particle “NOT” gives a negative meaning to the whole statement or individual concepts in the sentence:
- Do not cross the road at a red traffic light.
- The house by the lake is not big, but small.
In case of double negation with “NOT” in the sentence, on the contrary, a positive value appears:
- After hearing the false accusations, he could not help but answer.
The particle “NI” paired with “NOT” only reinforces the denial, but after interrogative words before the predicate it sometimes acquires a generalizing meaning.
- He could neither read nor write.
- Wherever you look, everywhere magnificent blossoming.
Modal particles either introduce semantic shades or express a person’s attitude to what has been said.
The group of such words is heterogeneous. There are several subtypes of modal particles:
- interrogative (really, really, whether);
- indicative (here, there, but, there);
- excretory and restrictive (only, exclusively, only, almost).
- specifying (just, exactly);
- exclamation points (like, what kind of thing);
- amplifying (even, after all, after all, all the same, and so on.);
- expression of doubt (hardly, hardly);
- mitigating requirement (s).
The "-ka" particle is written through a hyphen with the word with which it is used:
To the answer to the question of what a particle is, we should add information about the features of distinguishing this part of speech from homonymous words. For example, the union “how” and a similar exclamation particle differ in functions in the sentence:
How (excl. Frequent) beautiful summer nights!
I saw how (union) waves beat against the rocks.
We summarize what a particle is. This part of speech has only a grammatical meaning, it is necessary for the formation of verb forms and the transmission of semantic nuances in the speech stream. Each of the three bits of particles fulfills its unique role in the language.