Language and speech in tandem form an incredible, single phenomenon of human language.
These are quite different concepts, but they are not as opposed to each other as they are closely connected, like two sides of the same coin, because speech is always a language in action. However, it is important to note that there is no complete coincidence between these concepts, because speech very rarely does without a verbal language, and the language, in turn, functions only directly in speech.
Hence the conclusion that speech and language are intimately interconnected. In order to clearly understand this topic, you need to know the definitions that will help in this.
Definitions
A language in the broadest sense is a certain sign system that captures a person's ideas about outside of linguistic reality. It is a well-known fact that language follows from the need of people for communication, i.e. communication.
Speech is called verbal and linguistic communication, in which they resort to the help of linguistic symbolic units. Speech - this is explained in Russian as the ability to speak and speaking itself. These can be words, syntactic constructions, text, intonations. They also actively use non-verbal means: facial expressions, gestures, pantomime. It is important to understand that non-verbal means of communication is communication that takes place without the usual linguistic means.
Under the culture of speech understand the ability to master the norms of oral and written language (which include: knowledge of the rules of phonetics, grammar, word usage, etc.). It is important to note that the culture of speech is also the ability to use the expressive means of the language in different conditions of communication in accordance with the specific purpose and content of a particular text.
A type of speech in a language is a way of exposing, constructing words and sentences in a specific logical order. In Russian, as you know, three types of speech.
Features of the correlation of language and speech
The distinction between these two concepts was introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure. At the same time, one should not forget the main difference between language and speech. And it consists in the fact that the first is a means of communication, and the second, in turn, is the embodiment and realization of the language itself.
Language is considered abstract and formal, and speech is material. It is in it that everything that is in the language is corrected. It is stable and static, and speech is active and dynamic, it is characterized by higher variability.
Language and speech, despite the fact that they are interconnected, have clear distinctions: language is the property of society, it reflects the general “picture of the world” of the people who speak it, speech is individual and reflects only the experience of a particular person.
Language does not depend on the situation and directly on the communication environment, and speech, in turn, is contextually and situationally determined.
Language features
Language is interconnected, in general, with all human activity and one of its tasks is to perform various functions. The following are the main ones, namely:
- Communicative function. Its essence lies in the fact that language provides communication, that is, communication between people, which is why a person can exchange information, his thoughts, feelings, and also act in a certain way on another person.
- Cognitive function. Its essence lies in the fact that it directly connects language with human mental activity.
- Contact installation. The essence of this very important function is to create and maintain contact between certain interlocutors.
- Emotional function. The meaning of this component is to express the subjective attitude of the speaker to the content of his speech.
These were the main functions, but do not forget that there are many more. These components are applicable to absolutely all languages, not only to Russian. No matter how diverse the spectrum of languages around the world, they all exist according to fairly similar laws. This suggests the idea of agreement with those linguists who claim that there was one single parent language. In their opinion, it was from him that the ramifications began, which led to the formation of such a variety of languages in the world. To date, there is no exact figure for the number of existing languages, as some of them have their own branches in the form of dialects.
Parts and types of Russian language speech
Part of speech is a peculiar category of words of the language itself, determined by such attributes as syntactic and morphological. In all languages of the world, first of all, the name (noun, adjective, etc.) and the verb are opposed to each other. Parts of speech are also divided into independent and official. It should be noted that special attention is paid to parts of speech in the lessons of the Russian language, starting from the lower grades. The school program provides a detailed study of each of them.
As for the types of speech in Russian, they are distinguished 3. They include: narration, reasoning, description. Further details about each of them:
- A story is a story about an event within the time sequence of its action.
- Reasoning is called verbal presentation, confirmation of a specific thought.
- A description is an image of any particular phenomenon of reality, an object, a person through the listing and disclosure of its fundamental features.
The topic "Language and Speech" is very important not only in Russian, but also in other languages. As a rule, they begin to study it in high school (the lesson is held in the 5th grade). This applies to Russian schools. A rather large amount of attention is paid to this topic, because the confident possession of parts of speech in the Russian language, we can say, guarantees a competently correct explanation of it. But, of course, there are other nuances that affect literacy and speech culture.
Parts of speech that are independent
Parts of speech allow us to group, classify words used to denote actions, objects and phenomena, signs, identify general semantic (semantic, conceptual), as well as grammatical properties, or categories that are inherent in words related to the same part of speech.
Under independent parts of speech understand:
- A noun denotes an item. This part of the speech answers the questions: "who?" "what?" As a rule, nouns vary in numbers, gender and cases. It can be animate and inanimate. For example: "who?" (mom) "what?" (book).
- The name adjective is a special attribute of an object, or its qualitative characteristic. The adjective answers the following questions: "which?" "whose?" Adjective names also vary by gender, numbers, names and cases. For example: beautiful, beloved, good.
- Numeral is the part of speech that denotes the number of objects and everything related to counting. The numeral answers the questions: "how much?" "which the?". For example: fifteen, six.
- A pronoun refers to a person, attribute or object without naming them. They are: personal, returnable, possessive, indicative, etc. For example: she, they, this one, that one.
- The verb denotes a state or action, answers the questions: “what to do?”, “What does it do?”, “What does it do?”, “What will it do?”, And has certain characteristics of type, person, voice, time, number, gender and moods. For example: love, want, do, know, etc.
These were the main independent parts of speech in Russian with examples.
Service parts of speech
Now it is important to name the service parts of speech in the language (Russian), which include:
- The preposition is the unchanging auxiliary part of speech, which is used to connect words in a certain sentence or phrase: c, c, of, y, na, through, for, between, by, like, relatively, thanks, according, in connection, with respect to, Really, despite, by virtue, in connection with, according to, about, etc. For example: There is a big age difference between them.
- The Union is also an unchangeable service part of speech, which is used to combine words and simple parts in complex sentences. For example: The train started, and they moved away from the window.
- Particles are called service words that give semantic or emotional coloring to individual sentences and the words: don’t, no, some, or, some, some, some, de, let, unless, give, at least, almost, only, know, they say, like, perhaps, perhaps, it’s just, really, really, as if, perhaps, hardly, it would have happened, perhaps, etc. For example: It’s probably cold today.
- Under a bunch of understand the service word. It usually indicates the syntactic relations of the elements of a certain sentence. Basically, connectives include words, phrases, conjugated forms of verbs, variants of the meaning of the verb "to be." Often you can meet such a phenomenon when the ligaments are lowered, in their place, as a rule, put a dash in the sentence, for example: Home - [is] not a luxury, but a place of residence.
From the above examples, we can understand that there are a fairly large number of parts of speech in Russian. What part of the speech is used will help to find out questions to a specific word that interests you. Difficulty can arise with service parts, because in this case the question will not help. Here it is worth understanding only the principle by which they differ.
Russian language and culture of speech
There is no doubt that the culture of speech is, first of all, the spiritual culture of a certain person and the level of his general development as a person. The culture of speech tells a lot about a single person. It can show the value of the spiritual heritage and cultural heritage of the whole of humanity, as well as of a single individual. By looking at the culture of a person’s speech, one can easily conclude about him, about his upbringing, education, standard of living, even about work and other similar indicators.
Everyone knows that the main components of cultural speech exist. First of all, it is literacy and observance of generally accepted norms of literary Russian language. The development of speech is a necessary factor for success in the life and career of a modern person. It is important to note that all these rules apply to all languages, not only Russian. But do not forget that other means, such as vocabulary, phonetics, and stylistics, are of decisive importance.
In fact, the culture of speech includes a whole range of language properties and helps to apply the accumulated knowledge of the language in practice. Indeed, for good speech, it is not enough to know all the rules of spelling, spelling, punctuation, etc. It includes all this taken together, which helps a person to look worthy and be able to communicate in literate literate language. The language and culture of speech, as you can see, are closely interconnected.
It is important to note that this is not an easy task. Sometimes emotions take their toll, and there can be no talk of any culture. However, upbringing, a sense of tact and self-control come into force here. It is extremely important for a cultured person in any situation to keep himself calm and dignified, without losing his composure.
The need for a culture of speech
Of course, in order for speech to be cultural, it must be not only correct, but also rich, which directly depends on the lexical stock of a person. To maintain your speech at a decent level, you need to regularly replenish the vocabulary. In this, of course, books will become your best friend.
Another problem may arise: ignorance of where the accumulated vocabulary is correctly and correctly applied. And therefore, in order to make the most correct use of the stock of new words and expressions, it is important to regularly develop both oral speech, and, of course, written language.
Using these methods, the direction of one’s own thoughts can also change, which, as a result, are formed into words. It is necessary to find a common language with people from various circles of society and to highlight for themselves a wide selection of topics for conversation.
All this is very important for everyday communication, for the conclusion of any transactions and contracts, job search, training. This is surprising, but our speech can create our image and a general impression of us as a person as a whole. We live in an age of communication and technology, where it is incredibly important to be able to clearly and correctly state our thoughts, ideas, emotions, attitude to a particular situation, arguments, using the capabilities of our native language and not to go beyond speech etiquette and behavior.
Features of linguoethics (speech culture)
It is important to note that the culture of speech is called not only the possession of certain specific rules, the ability to avoid various errors, but also speech etiquette. The person you are talking to should feel comfortable enough, otherwise the conversation may not succeed, or even lead to a conflict, which, of course, does not cause positive emotions on both sides.
The culture of speech helps to avoid such situations when a person can insult or offend his interlocutor. As a rule, in such cases, the inability to listen to the interlocutor, i.e., tactless interruption of one’s partner, is triggered. And such actions are strictly - strictly prohibited by language etiquette. This cannot be done, even if you are sure that your conversation partner is completely wrong.
To master the culture of speech, you must be able to listen and hear your interlocutor. After all, there are times when people completely forget that they are talking with a person, and not their own monologue. And it turns out that they ignore the wishes of their opponent, and this is a gross violation of speech etiquette.
The basic rules of speech culture
This concept includes, as mentioned above, correctness. Also an important element is accuracy. She cannot be called the ability to simply choose and apply the necessary and relevant words. The culture of speech also includes logicality, purity of speech. The latter is one of the most important signs of cultural speech, manifested mainly in two aspects: in the correlation of speech and the literary language, as well as in its correlation with certain moral criteria for communication.
Now it is necessary to mention the rules of speech etiquette. By definition, “speech etiquette” is the ability to apply norms in certain communication situations.
In any conversation you need to be considerate and polite. You should never use vulgarisms, curses, etc. in your speech. This will not brighten up your speech, even if you are in a circle where such communication is quite normal.
Of course, the rules of speech etiquette of behavior are much larger, but the main ones were named above. It should be noted that every self-respecting person should familiarize themselves with these rules and, at least partially, apply them in their daily lives. After all, this simplifies the existence and helps to quickly establish contact with people, which in our time is important.