The culture of oral and written speech is a reflection of a person’s thoughts and opinions in the form of sounds or in a graphic representation. Creating signs depicting sound elements was time consuming. There was a formation of writing. Oral speech arose much earlier than its graphic representation. And this is understandable. The written form, as a rule, is addressed to a person who is currently absent. The writer is not able to directly say something to his reader, and therefore calls to him through the text. The culture of written speech was born at the same time as the formation of society, the socialization of man.
Literary language
It is necessary to distinguish the concept of a literary language from the way of presentation that is used to create works of art. The latter term is more comprehensive. The writing of such texts is based on the use of the literary language accepted in society, but its concept is different and finds its reflection in the fact that the artistic techniques in the work are deeply filled with metaphorical turns with numerous use of beautiful forms of speech. The most important function of a word is the presentation of thought and the communication of knowledge in various fields. At the same time, the literary language is aesthetic and includes the use of colloquial phrases, as well as various dialects.
Literary language is that element through which, along with economic, political, social factors, the unity of the nation is created. This is a kind of code of communication between people of one or different cultures.
Conversation and book speech
Literary language has two forms: written and spoken. Moreover, both book and colloquial interpretations are presented as communication between people. In oral speech, both a literary and an oral form can be used, depending on a person’s perception of himself in society, his habits, upbringing, and personal norms of behavior. In this case, written speech is most often displayed in the form of a book form. It is the sphere of communication that determines the choice of language material that forms and determines the types of presentation.
Book speech is widely used in political, legislative, scientific spheres of communication, as well as in colloquial form at official meetings and celebrations, when referring to higher-ranking employees, in a family or home environment. Moreover, this form of speech is always built according to the established norms of the literary language, the main rule of which is the presence of logically interconnected sentences that differ in a clear statement of thoughts and have an ending. Book speech does not allow sharp jumps from one thought, not brought to its logical conclusion, to another.
Widely used scientific terminology, official business vocabulary. Most words do not have a clear restriction or distribution between the spoken, oral, written presentation of speech. They are widely used in various forms and are generally accepted. This creates a background that logically sets off a special vocabulary for one form or another of presentation.
The concept of speech culture
The culture of oral and written speech is a concrete and correct reflection of the properties of a language and its capabilities in everyday communication. It, as a rule, assumes the presence of a high level of general education and cultural development in a person, as well as the development of his thinking and cognitive sphere. The culture of written speech is a reflection of the embedded meaning using a literary language and technical terms when presenting material to a potential listener.
The culture of speech as a science
The culture of speech as a science is closely connected with various linguistic and non-linguistic trends. Its connection with lexicology and semasiology is also obvious. Among the linguistic sciences, the influence of the course of the modern Russian language is widespread , which is fundamental for the study of the norms of literary exposition in all its assignments. It is useful to use the communicative qualities of speech, as well as its accuracy and logic are required. The correlation of such qualities with semantic compatibility enriches the language used in writing.
The culture of the teacher’s written language will differ from the presentation methods used by the director of the commercial organization, however, the basics and main rules will be identical in both cases.
Features of interaction are observed between the culture of speech and lexicography. A lot of special dictionaries and manuals have been created on this subject, covering this issue. In turn, the close interweaving with a style that studies the functioning of linguistic means and evaluates the qualitative aspects of their use, explains the feasibility of using certain elements, statements, and the use of various styles. The culture of writing includes the knowledge of such linguistic disciplines as sociology, logic, ethics, psychology, aesthetics, pedagogy, and literary criticism. The influence of not only philosophical sciences, but also technical ones, which are constantly undergoing changes due to the emergence of new discoveries, is monitored.
The modern theory of speech culture
The culture of written language is a very broad concept that includes many sciences and knowledge. The regulatory aspect plays a very large role here. Also, a huge impact on the formation of this discipline has a modern society and the norms adopted in it. So, books created at the beginning of the 20th century, such as “The Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech” by Chernyshev, are now irrelevant due to the use of the dialect of that time and the special word forms inherent in this era.
The introduction of new words, terms and concepts also inextricably follows the introduction of adjustments to the concept of the literary language of our time. Thus, the culture of writing, the Russian language and society walk together. Their existence is inextricably linked with the use of previously adopted word forms and phrases, but today they may seem elaborate and even unacceptable for use. Keeping pace with technological progress, the literary language is undergoing changes in the field of mastering new terminology and its widespread application.
Today, the culture of writing a business person in any field of knowledge is full of many new words and phrases inherent in the current level of technological progress and terms used, sometimes coming from other languages and cultures.
Official business style
The culture of business written language is a combination of various language techniques and tools that are used in the service sector of official business relations. So, a wide range of official-business relations belongs to this area, in various situations they use the documentation of incoming information. The breadth of application of such a science implies the presence of different business styles:
- official business (or clerical);
- legal;
- diplomatic.
They are closely intertwined, but at the same time they have a number of differences that reflect the goal and methods for achieving it. When using the diplomatic style, negotiations become the main task, the etiquette nature of such relations.
The legal style includes the language of legislation and regulations, in which many listings of various conditions and circumstances leading to the onset of liability appear.
The official-business style of speech expresses specific features of linguistic turns that satisfy the needs of understanding and presenting data for all participants and stakeholders.
Moreover, the culture of a lawyer's written speech, for example, may include the use of a legal style, as well as in some situations in which it is necessary to achieve contractual unity, the use of a diplomatic style. Quite rarely, only one of the styles is used in the professional and any other of the types of activities of one person.
Language standards for drafting documents
The culture of written language and the rules for the preparation of official documents, regulations are inextricably linked with details that carry constant information, and suggest a simple substitution of data relating to a specific situation or person. For different legal documents, permanent categories are applied that are accepted in the business community, as well as legally confirmed.
Substitution of variable elements contained in business texts expands the range of searches for the possibilities of their display and application. At the same time, some difficulties may arise, mainly related to the correct choice of the used vocabulary, its forms and interpretation, the transfer of the essence of the issue, as well as the selection of grammatical means that can, with the help of language constructions, convey the business style of the text and its meaning. At the same time, terms are widely used that are suitable not only for the interpretation of certain processes or properties, but also addressed to individuals, legal entities in speech volumes characteristic of the business style.
Speech etiquette
Speech etiquette involves the use and application of a certain ceremonial, regulations, as well as compliance with diplomatic protocols. Following these standards is accepted when addressing officials of all ranks, lawyers, doctors, law enforcement officers, employees holding higher posts.
The culture of written speech and administrative speech etiquette involve an appeal to a partner or interlocutor using specific turns of speech. This is especially important in personal communication with a senior in rank. As a rule, there are a number of restrictions on the use of certain words and their combinations, bearing an aggressive or denying coloring, and due respect and treatment with the indication of the position are mandatory. Most often, detailed rules of observance of speech etiquette are required when greeting and saying goodbye, expressing gratitude or apology, congratulation or personal appeal, requests.
Unlike many Western languages, in Russian there are two pronouns - “you” and “you”, which clearly determine the social position of the person to whom the appeal is directed, as well as the nature of the relationship between people, the presence of officialdom in their communication. So, the use of the “you” appeal form can embarrass both the addressee and the writer himself, since it offends the person and expresses an encroachment on human dignity.
Correct speech
The grammatical system of the word perceives various social factors and is sufficiently resistant to them. Following the rules in many respects defines such a concept as “writing culture”. The Russian language is rich in many grammar rules, but at the same time, their abundance covers all possible options for their application in any situations and turnovers.
Literary norms of grammar, unlike other levels of the language system, are easily amenable to regulation. They are widely studied, have their own coding system. However, they are also subject to change under the influence of historical events, but are more stable, in contrast to sciences such as word formation.
Wealth of speech culture
The level of speech culture and its written presentation largely depends not only on knowledge, accepted norms, rules of logic, but also on each individual's mastery of the inexhaustible riches of the language and the ability to freely use them in the process of writing their thoughts. The Russian language has long been recognized as one of the richest. Its breadth is calculated by the reserves of lexical and phraseological turns, as well as the semantic coloring of each individual element and the immense possibilities of their application.
The richness of phonetics, the possibilities of combining various word forms, the variety of lexical, grammatical, phraseological synonyms and variants, the compilation of complex structures that convey the intonation of speech are also noted. All this abundance allows the writer to express the most subtle moods and meanings, emotional shades of transmitted information. Skillfully handling Russian words, you can convey the sound of music, shades of colors, sounds and noises, the brightness and unusualness of fantasies and dreams, any natural phenomena and human feelings in their entire palette.
The culture of written speech, its wealth in an individual, is determined by the number of linguistic means with which he is acquainted and can freely communicate, making turns of speech that can convey in each specific situation the subtleties of the issue or topic being discussed. The richness of speech is determined by the abundance of using various means and methods of expressing the same concept with the use of different forms of excellent origin. The use of word formation by adding prefixes, endings, suffixes to the root of the word opens up almost limitless possibilities for the emergence in speech of new expressions that convey a different or more accurate mood, meaning.
In essence, the culture of writing - what is it? This is a competent, timely use of literary turns and the ability to clearly state your thoughts. This is an opportunity to convey them to absolutely any listener.