Words are the building blocks for any language. They are used to build sentences and phrases, with their help we transmit thoughts, communicate. The ability of this unit to name or designate objects, actions, etc. called a nominative (call) function. The suitability of a word for communication, transmission of thoughts is called its cognitive function.
Thus, the word is the basic, main structural unit of the language.
Each word in Russian has a lexical and grammatical meaning.
Lexical is the ratio of the sound (phonetic) design of a word, its sound with phenomena of reality, images, objects, actions, etc. It can be said simply: it makes sense. From a lexical point of view, the words "barrel", "tussock", "point" are different units, because they denote different objects.
The grammatical meaning of the word is the meaning of its forms: gender or number, case or conjugation. If the words "barrel", "dot" are considered grammatically, then they will be exactly the same: creatures. feminine standing in the nominative case and unity. number.
If we compare the lexical and grammatical meaning of the word, we can see that they are not the same, but interconnected. The lexical meaning of each of them is universal, the main one is fixed in the root. (For example: “son”, “son”, “son”, “son”).
The grammatical meaning of the word is conveyed using word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes. So, the lexical meaning of the words “forest”, “forester”, “forester” will be quite close: their meaning is determined by the root “forest”. From a grammatical point of view, they are completely different: two nouns and an adjective.
On the contrary, the words "came", "arrived", "ran up", "ran up", "flew away", "shot down" will be similar in grammatical orientation. These are verbs in the past tense form, which are formed using the suffix "l".
From the examples, the conclusion follows: the grammatical meaning of a word is its belonging to a part of speech, the general meaning of a number of similar units, not tied to their specific material (semantic) content. "Mom", "dad", "Homeland" - creatures. 1 declination, standing in the form of I.p., unity. numbers. “Owl”, “mice”, “youth” are feminine nouns. genus, 3 declensions, standing in RP The grammatical meaning of the words "red", "huge", "wooden" indicates that these are adjectives standing in the form of a husband. kind, unique. numbers, I.p. It is clear that the lexical meaning of these words is different.
The grammatical meaning of the word is expressed in a certain form, corresponding to the position of words in the sentence (or phrase), expressed using grammatical means. Most often, these are affixes, but often the grammatical form is formed using service words, stress, word order or intonation.
The form (name) directly depends on how the form is formed.
Simple (they are also called synthetic) grammatical forms are formed inside the unit (using endings or formative suffixes). Case forms (not) of mother, daughter, son, Motherland are formed with the help of endings. The past tense of the verbs “wrote”, “jumped” - with the suffix and zero ending, and the verb “jumped” - with the suffix “l” and the ending “a”.
Some forms are formed outside the token, and not inside it. In this case, there is a need for service words. For example, the verbs "I will sing" and "let's sing" are formed using service words (verbs). The words “I will” and “let's” in this case have no lexical meaning. They are needed to create word forms. In the first case - future tense, and in the second - incentive mood. Such forms are called complex or analytic.
Grammatical meanings are defined in systems or clusters of gender, numbers, etc.