What is a thought? This word has many meanings, including political, literary.
The correct use and knowledge of all the meanings of the word "thought" will expand your horizons.
Linguists who seek to determine the origin of all words believe that the word “thought” is closest to the Church Slavonic duma (meaning “reflection”) and Polish duma (meaning “pride”).
From the history
The first mention of the Duma appears in the 9th century, signifying the council in the Kiev principality of the prince with his squad on military issues. The prince’s advisers were called Duma, then - the boyars. Over time, the boyars who were engaged in separate structural divisions of non-military purposes began to be part of the princely Duma. For example, okolnichy, thousand or butler, as well as noble vassals. The Duma becomes an elite close to the prince, deciding the main issues of the state.
But the importance of the Duma is growing, and in Russia in the XV-XVIII centuries, the Duma is the highest body that had a legislative character. Her influence on the prince, and then the king, was huge. For centuries, the Boyar Duma has been engaged in foreign and domestic politics, trade, wars, and diplomatic affairs. So, it was the representatives of the Duma who elected Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, before that, selecting candidates in their ranks.
But with the coming to power of Peter I, the Boyars' Duma was abolished. Instead, the Senate was created.
Law and Duma
In the 1905th manifesto of October 17, the creation of the State Duma was proclaimed, which was to reflect the interests of all classes of society. Except for women who did not have voting rights. The main task of the State Duma was the development of laws, which then had to pass the approval of the State Council and the emperor.
In 1993, the State Duma was re-created in Russia, which became the lower house of parliament. Its deputies work in a building located in the center of Moscow, on Okhotny Ryad.
City Council: History
In 1785, the cities were given the Letter of Merit, according to which a city self-government body was created in the country, which was headed by the mayor - the city council. This was a step forward, because representatives of the Duma had to take into account the interests of almost all segments of the population. Elections were to be held every 3 years, representatives from merchants were chosen, including foreign, noblemen, artisans, townsmen and eminent citizens.
Emperor Paul I abolished city councils in 1798. And Emperor Alexander I in 1802 returned them. In the 60s of the XIX century, city councils actively acted and influenced city affairs in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Tiflis - the largest industrial, commercial and scientific centers of the empire. The Duma was engaged in urban management, improvement. Usually in the Duma consisted of 30-72 representatives. The so-called vowels. The most active thoughts were in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
After the February Revolution of 1917, the interim government expanded the powers of city councils, but immediately after the October Revolution, the councils were liquidated.
Current state
According to the law adopted in 1991, instead of the councils of deputies in cities, it was allowed to create city councils. In 2003, the federal law clearly defined the powers and competence of city councils.
Today, the City Council is one of the branches of local self-government; it consists of representatives-deputies elected by local residents. It is headed by the head of the municipality, this post is also elected. Another branch of government is the local administration, its work is executive in nature.
In each city, the Duma is engaged in the distribution and budgeting, development of the municipality, makes decisions that relate to the life of the settlement. The basis of the decisions of the Duma is the local charter.
In some regions (Tomsk Region, Khabarovsk Territory, etc.), the body is called the Legislative Duma. This is the same representative authority. City councils are in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk and other cities.
Literary definition
Another meaning of the word “thought” is literary.
The Duma genre is an oral work of an epic nature performed by roving musicians in Ukraine. Playing the lyre, bandura, kobze, the singers accompanied the melodic melody with verbal recitative. Thoughts that were performed and listened in Ukraine were devoted to Turkish captivity and the liberation from it, the knightly life of the Cossacks and the Khmelnitsky war. Mention has been made of the first thoughts in 1587.
There are probably no analogues in the world literature to the domestic genre of thoughts. Indeed, in contrast to the epics and ballads of other nations, they are absolutely realistic.
In the XIX century. the term “thought”, understood as an epic about Cossack life, was introduced into Russian literature by the scientist M. Maximovich.
Duma works
Poets were inspired by the folk genre, and at the beginning of the XIX century. “Dumas” by Kondraty Ryleev were published. His poetic thoughts about the social structure of society, philosophy, history, designed in the form of instruction to the young.
The cycle of “Duma” is a 21 lyric work devoted to history. Ryleyev talks about the exploits committed by those who scolded for the state, but do not forget about their mistakes. The first thought tells of Prince Oleg, who received the nickname Prophetic. Separate thoughts talk about the exploits of such bright personalities as Ivan Susanin and Ermak. Ryleyev's poetry, dedicated to the conqueror of Siberia, quickly became a folk song.
Ryleyev’s “Dumas” is not a history textbook, and there are enough inaccuracies there, but this is a poetic lesson in morality.
Such poets as A. Koltsov and M. Lermontov supported the genre of civic poetry, on which Ryleyev's work had a great influence. In the collection of V. Fet you can find "Elegy and Thoughts", a cycle of thoughts was created by K. Sluchevsky. A rare genre was used by E. Bagritsky, writing "The Duma about Opanas."
And the meaning of the word
And finally, the outdated, but still often used in everyday life, the meaning of the word “thought”. This is thinking about serious things. About something very important. The Duma is a deep and all-consuming thought.
When they say that someone is “thinking”, it is easy to understand that a person is preoccupied with difficult problems. “To think a thought” is not just to delve into a question, but to delve into it, seriously trying to solve something important. Nowadays, this expression is phraseological unit.