For the needs of industry, agriculture and individual households, new materials are constantly being developed to filter water, oil, gases and other substances. For cleaning to be of high quality, such products must have certain characteristics.
Filter materials of the past generation were made from natural ingredients. But today the production of filters from synthetic substances has become more relevant. This approach allows you to create inexpensive materials, the filtering ability of which is an order of magnitude higher than that of cotton, wool, etc.
To the modern production of such products are constantly increasing demands. They should filter various substances as finely as possible, and also be suitable for a wide range of industries. Multifunctionality and quality are characterized by modern cleaners. What types of filter materials exist, you need to consider in more detail.
General concept
Modern filtering material for water, gas, aerosols and other substances can be created from woven, non-woven and polymer membranes, metal meshes, etc. Mining metallurgy, the chemical, machine-building, manufacturing, and processing industries widely use such products. Also, consumers of cleaning structures are medicine, the food industry, as well as ordinary households.
The scope of filter materials is wide. Therefore, there are no universal cleaners that would suit every substance and process. Some fibers withstand the influence of an aggressive chemical environment, while others allow you to carefully filter out even the smallest particles of impurities. In accordance with the operating conditions create various cleaners.
Types of Woven Materials
There are many popular substances that act as a cleaner. They are characterized by certain qualities. The most common are: belting fabric, polyamide, polyester thread, filter wire, serpentine. Fiberglass is also used. They are made from natural, synthetic, combined components.
In the first case, the purifiers are not afraid of the aggressive influence of the filtration medium. However, their degree of purification is low. Due to their natural origin, it is not possible to create sufficiently thin threads.
Synthetics, on the contrary, allows you to more carefully filter out fine particles of contaminants. The thickness of the threads manufactured today can reach 20-200 nm. But such substances are easily destroyed in an aggressive environment, under loads.
Combined materials incorporate the qualities of synthetics and natural components.
Natural materials
Belting is a cotton filter . It is most often used by the food industry and pharmacy. The material is intended for cleaning substances with a temperature of not more than + 100º.
Fiberglass also falls into the group of natural materials. The characteristics of this substance allow its use as a heater. Depending on the weaving of the fibers, a certain degree of filtration is achieved. The more threads, the stronger the fabric.
Also a natural cleaning material is serpyanka. It is created from cotton or linen. This material is characterized by a rare interweaving of threads.
Outwardly, it looks like gauze. Serpyanka is used in the food industry to filter milk, thick syrups.
Filtration metal also consists of cotton. This is a coarser fabric, which in its properties is a bit like belting.
Synthetic materials
For industrial needs, synthetic cleaners are most often used. One of the most famous paintings is polyamide fabric. It removes impurities from iron ore concentrates. Filter materials of this type are used at operating temperatures of not more than + 90º and pH 4-10.
Synthetic fabric are polyester cleaners. There are many types that differ in density and application conditions. For all synthetic fibers , a special weaving pattern is used.
It affects the filtering properties of such products. These types of cleaners are used by both industry and the food industry.
Depending on the configuration of the weave, filters can work with both liquids and gases, suspensions and oils.
The use of synthetics
Polyamide fabric is known for its special appearance. Kapron thread is intertwined, forming diagonal stripes on the surface. Such material is most often used in the mining and processing industries.
Polyester cleaners have a wider scope. This is due to the difference in web density (from 316 to 980 g / m²). Technical heat-treated polyester is the most famous filter material for ventilation.
One of the fabrics that can claim the title of universal is milk dacron. It is characterized by water-repellent qualities, resistance to sunlight. This material prevents the formation of harmful microorganisms and, with proper treatment, does not deform, does not sag. Due to these qualities, it is used both in the food industry and for filtering gases.
Nonwoven fabric
There are combined types of paintings in which both synthetic and natural fibers are used. The most famous in this area is needle-punched non-woven material . Its base is polyester.
Most often, such cleaners are used in the filtration system of cars. Also, this material is widely used in industry. Needle-punched non-woven cleaner is an environmentally friendly product. It does not harm the environment and human health. It does not cause allergic reactions.
Also one of the advantages of such a web is its resistance to increased loads. In some industrial cycles, it is required to provide a margin of safety for the purifier. If the load on the system increases, the material must withstand such conditions.
Superior Nonwoven Fabrics
The first non-woven material of cleaning devices was felt. He was not without certain flaws. To increase its strength and filtration quality, the fibers were treated with resins. Synthetic non-woven filter materials were punched with needles of a certain diameter.
In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the production of these materials. Felt was replaced by extrusion air-filled polymer fibers. They have a significantly smaller thickness than the modified natural filler. This allowed a finer purification of various substances.
From this material sandwich-type multilayer canvases are created. This improves the strength of the cleaners. Such canvases have a three-dimensional structure in which the layers have different properties and are bonded in a certain way. These are complex materials.
Fabric Filter Production
The largest domestic production of filter type fabric materials is in the Moscow region. This is Voskresensk-Technotkan CJSC, which began operations in 1858. The enterprise produced technical fabric, and over time manufacturing of a filter cloth was arranged.
The company produces a wide range of synthetic, combined natural materials. In the technological cycles, the latest technologies are used. This allows Voskresensk-Technotkan CJSC to occupy a leading position in the market. Production uses modern technology, which allows us to produce products with a surface density of 250 to 2500 g / m².
The company's products are used in various fields of the national economy. But most of all, his canvases are in demand in the sugar sub-industry.
Nonwovens Production
The manufacture of non-woven cleaners is a complex, high-tech process. It is successfully used in our country. The most famous enterprise of this profile is the Inzensky Filter Materials Plant. The manufacturer applies mechanical technology. Cloths are made by needle-punched, canvas-stitching method.
The scope of such products is very wide. Non-woven materials are used from filtration of substances in non-ferrous metallurgy to air purification in the production of cement and flour.
The second largest enterprise of the presented profile is Komitex OJSC. Its range includes more than 50 types of non-woven fabrics. They are actively used for filtering water, gas, industrial fluids, wastewater, lubricants and food liquids.
Membranes
Nonwoven material due to its qualities is increasingly used by modern industry. However, membrane-type materials are becoming increasingly popular. Their manufacture began relatively recently.
Membranes are used in microfiltration processes. Their appearance is associated with the use of reverse osmosis technology. To eliminate the phenomenon of pressure drop, the membranes are made of durable polymers.
These are sophisticated devices. Their development took place in two directions at once. On the one hand, materials with pores of a minimal size, a fixed size and uniform distribution over the surface were required.
On the other hand, scientists were looking for technologies that allow membranes to work at different pressures. Most often they are used to purify water. But in parallel with this, technologies for the production of such membranes for aggressive environments and high temperatures are developing. Cleaners for such purposes are made of metal and ceramics.
Air, gas filtration
Filter materials designed for air and gas purification are very diverse. Strict requirements are put forward to this category of paintings. The legislation constantly raises the standards for cleaning such an environment, due to which the development of technologies in this direction has been rapid.
Most often, melts of polyphenylene sulfide rubbers are used for such purposes. Scientists have received a lot of attention from anti-static filters. Dust in a gaseous medium is electrified. In some cases, it causes an explosion.
The development of filters that clean hot gases is also underway. For this, materials such as ceramics and metal are used. Also, modern production requires removing not only solid particles of dust from the gas, but also toxic substances. To do this, use a combination of materials with absorbents (activated carbon). This allows you to achieve a high degree of purification of air masses and the gas environment.
Having examined what filter materials are, you can understand the main trends in the development of such technologies. They are constantly being improved in order to satisfy the requirements of modern production.