Tatar is the second most widely spoken language of the Russian Federation. It is mainly communicated in Tatarstan and the surrounding regions. The Tatar language has a very interesting history of its formation and development, as well as a very developed grammar. Previously, the concept of "Tatar language" was used including as the name of many languages ​​of the Turkic group. It is a Turkic-Kypchak language in its origin.
This article will briefly discuss the topic of the linguistic characteristics of this language, as well as some grammatical features, in particular, the cases of the Tatar language.
Tatar status
The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the official language of the Tatar Republic in accordance with the law. In Tatarstan and in the zones of residence of the Tatar ethnic group there is a developed complex of training and educational institutions in which this language is used. Tatar currently owns as a native more than four million people. The population of the Republic knows him on a par with Russian.
History of Tatar
The most ancient of the preserved literary works is the poem “Kissa-i Joseph”, created in the XIII century. The author of this poem was killed during the conquest of the Volga Bulgaria in 1235 by the Mongols.
This novel combines aspects of various Old Turkic languages. In the Golden Horde period, the Volga-Turkic language becomes the language of the population - a language close to Turkish and Chagatai. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar is formed, which has a large number of borrowed words from Arabic and Farsi. Like other literary languages ​​of the medieval period, the old literary Tatar was almost incomprehensible to the bulk of the people and was used only by the educated part of the population. After the conquest of the Tatar capital by the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible, a huge number, and then European terms, fell into the Tatar language of Slavic words . From the late XIX - early XX centuries. the Tatar aristocracy began to actively use Turkish socio-political vocabulary.
a brief description of
Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is agglutinative. His close relatives are Kazakh, Turkish, Uzbek, and the closest are Bashkir. It is spoken by Tatars, mainly living in modern Tatarstan, Bashkiria and the Nizhny Novgorod region, Siberia. It should not be confused with the Crimean Tatar dialect, with which it is closely related and mutually understood by both ethnic groups.
The modern version of the Tatar in its development has experienced a large number of changes, formed from a variety of dialects of the Turkic languages. The Tatar language was formed at the same time as the native speaker of this language in the Volga and Ural territories in close communication with other, both close and non-close dialects. In fact, it represents a mixture of different Volga dialects. The linguistic standard and normative for the use of Tatar is currently the Kazan dialect.
Noun
As in Russian, the noun in this Turkic language answers the questions of who? what? (by whom? nÓ™rsÓ™? ) is also part of the speech calling the subject. The noun in the Tatar language also has 2 numbers: singular and plural (kŇŻplek). The singular, as opposed to the plural, has no indicator: kitap - kitaplar (book - books), tÓ™rÓ™zÓ™ - tÓ™rÓ™zÓ™lÓ™r (window - windows).
From these examples, it becomes clear that the plural indicators are -lar / -ler. After the nasal consonants m, n, ŇŁ , the -nar / -nÓ™r option is used: tÓ©n - tÓ©nnÓ™r (night - nights), alym - alymnar (method - methods), mon - monnar (sound - sounds).
In this language, the grammatical characteristics of the singular can express the idea of ​​the whole form of this object and in a plural form: cache - a person (people), chәchәk - a flower (flowers), h ә h - hair (hair), kitap - book (books). The noun in Tatar has such a category as case, which is an unstable sign for this part of speech.
Case system
The ability to correctly pronounce a noun is a hallmark of a literate, educated person.
Case is a form of word formation, giving words special syntactic functions in a sentence. In fact, this is the connecting link between the individual parts of speech. This concept exists both in inflectional languages and in agglutinative ones, to which Tatar belongs.
In order to decline the word in the cases in the Tatar language, it is necessary, of course, to know the inflections (endings) for each. Tatar inflections are similar to those characteristic of other related languages, for example, Bashkir and Crimean Tatar.
Grammatical cases in the Tatar language with endings:
- Nominative - has no endings, always used in speech without pretexts.
- Accusative: -we / -not, -n.
- Possessive: -nŇŁ / -notŇŁ.
- Dative (directing): -ha / -rÓ™, -ka / -kÓ™, -a / -Ó™, -on / -nÓ™.
- Locative (local): - yes / -dÓ™, -ta / -tÓ™, -nda / -ndÓ™.
- Ablative: -dan / -dÓ™n, -tan / -tÓ™n, -nan / -nÓ™n, -nnan / -nnÓ™n.
Plural endings:
- Nominal: -lar / -lÓ™r, -nar / -nÓ™r.
- Accusative: -larn.
- Possessive: - larnyŇŁ.
- Dative: -larga.
- Locative: -lard.
- Ablative: -lardan.
Consider the table of cases of the Tatar language (with questions):
| Nominative | by whom (who?), nor, nÓ™rsÓ™ (what?) |
| Accusative | by whom? (whom?), nÓ™rsÓ™ne? (what?), Nina? (what?) |
| Possessive | by someone ŇŁ ? (who?), nÓ™rsÓ™ne ŇŁ ?, nine ŇŁ ? (why?) |
| Locative (Local case) | who? (in whom, on whom?), kaida? (where?), kaichan? (when?), nÓ™rsÓ™dÓ™ (what ?, on what?) |
| Ablative (Original) | kemn Ó™ n? (from whom?), nÓ™rsÓ™dÓ™n? (from what?), nidÓ™n? (from what?), kaydan? (where from?) |
| Dative (Directive) | kemg Ó™ ? (to whom?), nÓ™rsÓ™gÓ™? (why?), nig Ó™ ? (why?), kaya? (where to?) |
Thus, cases in the Tatar language have their own ordered system and their morphological features.
The law of synharmonism
As in almost all Turkic languages, the concept of syngarmonism exists in Tatar - the law of similarity between the palatine and non-palatal vowels, as well as the labial and non-palatal, that is, the qualitative characteristic of the vowel of the last syllable of the stem (root) is decisive for all subsequent adding syllables. In this language there is palatine and partially labial syngarmonism. This law must be observed in order to decline the word in cases in the Tatar language.
Tatar language vocabulary
Since the Tatar language originates from the Kypchak language group, the vast majority of words is of Kypchak-Turkic origin. In the 20s. The twentieth century begins the formation of language as a holistic concept: a terminological dictionary is developed with the dominance of Turkic, Arabic, Persian vocabulary. Since the 30s, Russian and international vocabulary using the Cyrillic alphabet has prevailed. When switching to Cyrillic writing, the Tatars relied on Latin phonetics. Since then, many phonetic features of this language have changed, for example, many throat sounds that were characteristic earlier disappeared.