Substantiation is a linguistic term for a transition to nouns of words from different parts of speech. The term itself, translated from Latin, means "noun". The article answers the questions: can words of all parts of speech turn into nouns? Are substances used in literary texts?
How do they move from one part of speech to another?
Definition of substantivation
This is a fairly lengthy process related to:
the loss of a word of its basic syntactic meanings;
his objectification
the acquisition by the word of the ability to correspond to the paradigm of the noun, that is, to incline by cases, change the number.
What parts of speech can words be substantiated from?
Most often conversions are such nominal parts of speech as adjective and numeral. We give the following examples of substantivization in Russian:
| Non-persistent form | Substantive form |
| Chin (what?) Military (adj.) | He ordered (who?) The military (n.) |
| Room (what?) Pantry (adj.) | Store (where?) In the pantry (n.) |
| Number (what?) First (num.) | Eat (what?) First (n.) |
| Belchat (how much?) Two (num.) | On the street were (who?) Two (n.) |
| Buy (how much?) A pair (num.) Of pears | Danced (who?) Couple (n.) |
Words and non-nominal parts of speech can be substantiated. Often this is the sacrament: meat (what?) Ice cream (pr.) - cold (what?) Ice cream (n.); guys (what?) speakers (pr.) - invite (whom?) speakers (n.).
It can be seen how words that have passed into nouns are objectified, acquire the ability to bow, change their syntactic meaning.
Words from adverbs can also act as nouns, especially often this is used in the art style.
So, in the famous poem "Cloud in Pants" by V.V. Mayakovsky, the word "quietly" is used in the meaning of the noun: "Quietly shaky people in the apartment apartment are breaking away from the pier."
Such use of adverbs gives speech a special pathos: sad yesterday, happy tomorrow.
From the history of substantivization in Russian
One of the first in Russian linguistics about conversion was said by the outstanding philologist V.V. Vinogradov, who noted the peculiarity of this method of vocabulary replenishment. Earlier, N. I. Grech spoke of the “omission” of some adjectives, meaning their substantiation. A. A. Potebnya linked the transitivity of words with their historical proximity.
The phenomenon of substantiation is an interesting mechanism for expanding vocabulary. The non-standard character of this method of word formation was actively used by the poets of the Silver Age.