The correct organization of production processes allows to achieve high performance of the company. Depending on the type of activity, it is required to apply the division and cooperation of labor. These categories make it possible to shorten the production cycle, specialize tools, and increase productivity. The meaning, types and essence of these processes will be discussed later.
General definition
Considering the concept of division and cooperation of labor, it should be noted that these are the main forms of its organization. They determine the functions of each employee of the company, his duties and place in the overall production process. Describing the division and cooperation of labor briefly, it is worth noting that these are the forms of its organization that determine the requirements for the quality of employees' activities, the qualifications of each of them.
The concepts presented are closely related. They complement each other, allowing you to organize the production cycle most optimally, taking into account the features of the manufacturing technology of the final product.
Considering the presented categories on a larger scale, it is worth noting that the international division of labor, specialization and cooperation are used to create optimal conditions for its social form. This allows you to create and maintain reasonable, natural proportions between the areas of production and non-production of human activity. Such processes are needed to harmonize social reproduction, its proper distribution between branches of economic activity.
It is worth noting that the complex system of international cooperation, the division of labor, as well as its social organization, include several different levels of elements. They differ in scale and importance:
- organization of relations between the production and non-production sectors in the framework of international activities;
- establishing interaction between global processes within the framework of a particular state;
- organization of interaction of elements within the production and non-production sectors;
- creating links for interaction within industries, including between individual enterprises;
- organization of interaction of workers within one production, up to the development of work standards for each individual employee.
At any of these levels, it is necessary to correctly apply such forms of social reproduction as the rational division and cooperation of labor. This procedure is carried out by managers at different levels, based on the current situation within the structural unit.
Division of labor and its essence
If we talk about the division and cooperation of labor briefly, these are complementary and interrelated processes. They are applied at different levels of the social organization of production, pursuing certain goals.
The division of labor is the delimitation of the activities of company employees in the process of their joint work, the provision of services or the manufacture of finished products. Modern production involves the complexity of technological cycles. Innovative techniques are constantly being introduced, and high-performance equipment is being installed. Because of this, there is a development of the division of labor, its deepening.
Different forms of organization of production activities significantly affect the planning, specialization, arrangement of jobs. In accordance with the accepted approaches to its organization, service is carried out, labor time is rationed, and appropriate techniques and methods are applied.
Studying the essence of the division and cooperation of labor, it is worth noting that through their rationalization, a uniform, full load of production capacities is ensured. The activities of employees will be coordinated, synchronous. For this reason, the importance of the division of labor is extremely great, both from the economic and social sides.
The activity is divided in this case into simpler constituent elements. Thanks to this approach, it is possible to complete the production task with the participation of fewer workers. However, they may have lower qualifications. The division of labor reduces costs. The funds released from circulation can be used to further develop automation and mechanization. As a result, there is a positive trend in performance.
The essence and meaning of separation
Improving the division and cooperation of labor within a single production or industry, the entire management system allows you to harmonize a number of processes. So, different types of work are distinguished within production, which are components of the manufacturing process of the final product. Each partial process is assigned to one or more employees.
This approach aims to increase labor productivity. Workers learn labor skills faster, learn to handle tools more skillfully. In this case, several operations are carried out in parallel. The number of individual processes is determined by the organization and technological processes of the company.
In the division and cooperation of managerial work, the activities of employees engaged in production, certain requirements are put forward. This allows you to identify the criteria in accordance with which apply the presented forms of organization of technological processes. In the process of division of labor, the following requirements and rules are adhered to:
- The procedure for dividing the manufacturing process of the final product into separate unfinished processes should not lead to a decrease in the efficiency of equipment operation and the use of working time.
- The division of labor should not be accompanied by depersonalization, an increase in the irresponsibility of employees for the result of their activities.
- It is not permissible to split up the processes of the technological cycle too much. Otherwise, the design procedure is complicated, the organization of production processes, labor standards.
In addition, the qualifications of employees should not be reduced. Labor cannot lose its pithiness, become monotonous and tiring. To prevent this, it is necessary to periodically interchange employees, to eliminate the uniformity of movements. Variable rhythms of work, regulated breaks, during which employees will rest actively and interestingly, can also be introduced.
Kinds
The division and cooperation of labor in the enterprise can be carried out in various forms. The main ones are as follows:
- technological;
- functional.
The technological method of division of labor involves breaking down the production cycle at a stage, for example, procurement, processing, assembly, etc. It can also be divided into phases, operations, partial technological procedures, etc.
Depending on the depth of differentiation of the production process, in relation to separate types of work, the following division of labor is distinguished:
- operational;
- detail;
- subject.
In the operational division of labor, certain operations are allocated and assigned to individual employees. It is planned to arrange the arrangement of workers, in which their rational employment will be ensured. In this case, the equipment should be optimally loaded. The operational division of labor is achieved by deepening the specialization of employees. In this case, labor productivity is increased due to the development of a dynamic, persistent stereotype of the employee performing the task assigned to him. It is supposed to use specialized equipment, mechanization of the manufacturing process.
In the course of the substantive division of labor, it is assumed that each individual performer is assigned a limited range of works during which one product is created.
A detailed division of labor involves the creation by one employee of a certain part of a part.
Existing forms of division and cooperation of labor are used in accordance with the characteristics of production, the goals of the company, as well as other factors. If these organizational approaches are not applied correctly, labor productivity may decline. Therefore, they approach this issue very responsibly.
Functional separation
Considering the types of division and cooperation of labor, one more common approach should be noted. It is called functional, since it involves the isolation of varieties of professional activity of employees who specialize in performing tasks that are different in economic importance and content. In accordance with this approach to the division of labor, the following categories of workers are distinguished:
- The main ones. These are employees engaged in the production of finished products or the provision of services, works.
- Auxiliary. They specialize in providing conditions for the activities of key employees. At the same time, auxiliary workers do not participate in the manufacture of products.
- Attendants. Labor of this category of workers creates the conditions for the implementation of the functional tasks of the main and auxiliary workers.
Separation and cooperation of managerial work, as well as employees and specialists, is singled out in separate groups. This allows you to take into account the features of the professional activities of each category of employees. Grouping is performed in this case on the basis of the functions performed by them. Between these categories of employees rational proportions are determined.
Within the framework of the functional approach to the division of labor, qualification and professional forms are distinguished. The choice depends on the goals of the enterprise. A professional approach involves the division of the work process within a particular profession. With the qualification division of labor, employees are grouped according to the principle of the complexity of their activity. For this, a system of tariff categories or qualification categories is applied.
Separation boundaries
Cooperation, division of labor and production management depend on various factors. The main ones are the type of production, complexity and volume of output, etc. Therefore, in the process of choosing the optimal form of organization, it is extremely important to analyze these factors. This allows us to justify the optimal boundaries of the division of labor.
If we consider this procedure from a social point of view, excessive dismemberment of the production process leads to a depletion of its content, turning employees into narrow specialists. From the standpoint of physiology, this leads to an increase in the monotony of operations, which leads to increased fatigue and high staff turnover. Therefore, in the analysis of the factors of cooperation, specialization, division of labor, the following boundaries are considered:
- economic;
- social;
- technological;
- psychophysiological.
The technological framework for the division of labor is determined by the methodology of the production cycle. In accordance with it, the manufacturing process is divided into separate operations.
The lower technological boundary is a labor technique, which consists of three or more actions of an employee. They follow each other continuously, have a special purpose. The upper limit of the technological division of labor suggests that one employee makes the entire product from scratch.
The economic border is determined in accordance with the workload of workers, as well as the duration of the production cycle. With a competent, accurately calculated division of labor, the production cycle is reduced due to the parallel execution of operations. At the same time, the indicator of labor productivity increases, since the assimilation by workers of the techniques and methods of manufacturing products is accelerated.
If the division of labor is excessive, exceeds the economic border, this will lead to a violation of the proportions in the structure of the cost of working time. On the one hand, the processing time of materials and workpieces will be reduced, but at the same time, the duration of operations for removing and installing parts, transportation between objects of labor will increase. It also increases the time spent on interoperational control, preparatory and final procedures. From an economic point of view, the option is considered optimal when the sum of factors that reduce the cycle time is higher than the influence of opposite reasons.
Another economic criterion is the full use of time. The employee should be as busy as possible during the shift. The division of labor should be such that employees do not stand idle. To do this, expand their production functions and service areas of automated lines.
Psychophysiological and social boundaries
The division and cooperation of labor in the enterprise also have psychophysiological boundaries. They are determined by the permissible loads that affect the employees of the company. The duration of each operation should be optimal so that psychological and physical stress are moderate. To do this, apply a variety of labor techniques that allow you to alternate the load on different parts of the body and organs. Monotony and monotonous, lengthy working methods tire, reduce labor productivity over time.
The social boundaries of the division of labor are determined by the minimum necessary level of diversity of functions, in which labor becomes meaningful and attractive to staff. The employee must see the result of his activities, receive from him a certain satisfaction.
If labor is a set of simple movements, monotonous actions, this reduces the employee’s interest in him. Such activity is devoid of creativity, does not contribute to the development of qualifications, etc.
Cooperation and its essence
Organization of the division and cooperation of labor is carried out in the course of a thorough analysis and assessment of the features of technological cycles. Moreover, both approaches to the formation of the organizational structure are inextricably linked. The deeper the division of labor, the more important is the cooperation for the effectiveness of personnel activities.
Collective labor cannot be regarded as the sum of partial labor processes. It is important to find the optimal balance between the separated actions of the staff. In this case, the correct placement of workers is determined, in which employment will be rational. In this case, labor productivity will be as high as possible.
Therefore, cooperation should be considered as a process of uniting employees in the course of performing their joint actions aimed at achieving a single result.
Separate forms of division and cooperation of labor are quite diverse. They are closely related to the organizational and technical features of the company. However, all varieties of such forms are usually reduced to three main categories of cooperation:
- inter-workshop;
- inside shop;
- intrasite.
Inter-workshop cooperation is based on the division of the production process between individual workshops. It consists in the participation of the staff of the production site in activities that are aimed at achieving a common result for the company during the production process.
Intrashop cooperation is the interaction of individual structural units. These can be sections, production lines, departments, etc.
Cooperation within the site implies interaction between individual employees who fulfill their functional duties in the course of joint work with other representatives of the team. They unite in brigades, groups, etc.
The boundaries of cooperation
The division and cooperation of labor have certain boundaries. This defines the framework for deepening each form within a specific production. Cooperation has economic and organizational boundaries. This is the framework in which the form presented will be most appropriate.
The organizational boundary assumes that for any work to be done, at least two people must be united. The top line of cooperation in this case is determined by the norm of controllability. , . .
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