When we want to characterize a specific action or condition of an object in spoken language, we use the verb. The verb in the sentence describes the action of the subject, its stay in a certain state and the like.
In the most general sense, the verb denotes various processes and includes several particular meanings, such as a description of the action ( draw ), a description of the state ( change ), a description of the process ( flow ), and a description of the movement ( run ).
The verb has constant and inconsistent grammatical categories. Permanent grammatical signs (categories) are actually verb. These include type, collateral, repayment and transition. In addition to the described categories, conjugation of the verb also applies to them . Its type does not change and is permanent. Variable grammatical categories are not present in all forms of verbs. These include time, number, face, mood, and gender.
In this material we will analyze in more detail what a verb is, the grammatical categories of the verb and the types of verbs.
Inclination Category
This category indicates the relationship between the action of the verb-predicate and reality. Verbs are used in three different moods.
The indicative mood indicates the reality of a process or action that has already occurred, is ongoing at the moment, or will occur in the future. Verbs in this mood change in tenses (respectively - past, present and future).
Conditional mood is also called the subjunctive. Indicates an unrealistic action that could occur. Actually, the “would” particle is most often indicated. For example, "they would live in Moscow," "would run in the stadium."
The imperative mood is the most difficult mood, indicating instructions, requests, desires and motives for action. Such verbs are formed using modified endings in present tense verbs (for imperfective verbs) and the future (for perfect verbs). So, imperative verbs in the form of the 2nd person in the singular differ in the end of "-i". For example, "run, hurry."
View category
A view is a category of a verb that expresses a method of performing an action indicating when and for how long the process takes place. The view is perfect and imperfect. From the name it is clear that perfect verbs show a certain limit of action: either initial or final (but it must be completed or started at some period of time). Imperfective verbs indicate a process without indicating completion. The form and tense of the verb are related. Imperfective verbs are immediately divided into three different forms of time (about the category of time in more detail below): past, present and future. For example, " I am going ," " going ," " going ." Verbs of a perfect form have two tenses: the future and the past.
Time category
Time is a category of the verb that indicates the ratio of the action performed and the specific moment of speech. From the above material, we understand that there are three categories of time.
- The present - the process takes place when it comes to it.
- Past - The process was completed before it was discussed.
- The future is a process that will begin after the completion of the speech process.
Forms of the present and future tense are not formalized in terms of grammar, while forms of the past tense are formed using the suffix "-l-" or a null suffix. For example, “ runaway ” or “ took ”.
Transition Category
This category of the verb shows the relation of the process to a specific object. Depending on whether the verbs have the ability to go to the object or not, they are divided into two types: transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.
- Transitional verbs show an action that is sent to some object. They, in turn, are divided into: verbs of creation (create, solder, sew ), verbs of destruction ( break, break ), verbs of perception ( look, feel ), verbs of expression of emotions (inspire, attract) , as well as verbs of thoughts and sayings (comprehend, communicate).
- Intransitive verbs show an action that cannot go to a specific object. Among them are: verbs showing the process of the person’s existence (to be, settle down ), showing the process of movement (running, flying ), showing someone’s condition (to be ill, angry, sleeping) , verbs indicating a certain type of activity (to teach, boil) , indicating the way to perform certain actions (to swear, to manner) , and finally, verbs indicating visual and auditory perception (glow, ring).
Collateral Category
The category of the verb indicating the relationship between the subject performing the process (action), the process itself and the object in relation to which the process (action) is performed. There are two types of collateral: real and passive. Valid voice - indicates that the subject calls the subject, which is directly related to the action or process. In the case of the passive voice, the situation is different. In this case, the subject refers to the object over which an action is performed by other objects or people. The passive voice can be expressed using postfixes or special passive forms of communion.
Return Category
These verbs belong to the category of intransitive verbs. This is a separate form expressed using the "-sya" postfix. Similar verbs are divided into separate categories of recurrence. Depending on their meaning, such verbs are divided into the following 4 groups:
- With socially repayable - used when the person’s action is directed at himself. For example, "clean, prepare, take offense."
- Reciprocal - are used when the actions of two persons directed at each other are described. Both persons in this case are both subject and object. For example, "see, communicate."
- Indirectly refundable - used when an action is performed by a person in their own interests. For example, “to gather (to collect things for yourself), to be determined (to decide something for yourself)”. It can be redesigned using "for yourself" design.
- General return - are used when a certain process is tied to the state of the subject. For example, "worry, wonder, get angry."
Face category
This category, which refers to the relationship of the person performing the process, and the one who talks about it. There are three forms of facial verbs in a sentence.
- The first person verb in the singular is used when the process is performed by the speaker himself.
- The first person verb in the plural is used when the process is performed by the speaker and by someone else.
- Second person verbs in the singular are used when the process is performed by another subject.
- In the second person in the plural is used when the process is performed by the interlocutor and someone else.
- A third-person singular is used when the process is performed by someone who does not participate in the dialogue at all.
- The third person plural is used when the process is carried out by someone who is not participating in the dialogue, and by other persons outside the specific dialogue.
Gender and number category
The gender category in a verb refers to a noun or pronoun, namely to their gender. If the person / subject does not have a specific form of gender, then the gender of the possible subject is used. For example, " would come tomorrow", "snow was falling . "
The number category shows the number of people performing the process. For example, "students played," "student played . " This category applies to all personal verb forms.