The application in the Russian language is distinguished as a special kind of definition, which is a single
noun or noun phrase and gives a different name / characteristic to a person or object designated by a defined word. For example:
Russian Irina Volkova became the winner of the contest.
A famous person - he must plan ahead every step he takes.
The application in the Russian language is used, as a rule, to determine the profession, social or family affiliation, names of geographical objects, generic-species relations, etc.
Ways to Express an Application and a Specific Word
1. The noun (with dependent words and without) in the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined: the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" / in the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" , Moscow / about the city of Moscow .
2. A noun / phrase, the case of which corresponds to the form of the word being defined: the old man is a janitor / old man a janitor, the girl is a taxi driver / girl is a taxi driver.
3. A single noun or noun phrase with a union as , for example: He, as an experienced person , can be trusted.
4. A noun / phrase including words by name, by last name, by nickname , etc.: And he had a friend, by the name of Russov .
An application in Russian may refer to a noun, pronoun, as well as an adjective, participle or numeral, in this context acting as a noun: The next morning, the beautiful birch outside the window became completely white. Here she is, my betrothed . The third, a guy of about eighteen , was completely pale with fear.
Features of the distinction between the application and the defined word
In cases where both the word being defined and the application are expressed by nouns, some difficulties may arise in their determination. Here are the rules regarding the application in Russian (examples are attached):
1. The phrase in the sentence is always consistent with the subject, that is, with the defined word, and not with the appendix: The entire Izvestia newspaper is already sold out (the newspaper is sold out).
2. In declension, the application, and not the defined word, will retain the form of the nominative case: the Izvestia newspaper is in the Izvestia newspaper .
3. If a proper name in combination with a common noun designates an inanimate object, then it is an appendix: the Dnieper River , the Elektromash plant .
4. The reverse situation if the proper name denotes a name or surname: brother Peter, Professor Ivanov.
Separate application in Russian
In accordance with applicable grammar standards, applications are isolated in the following cases:
1. When they follow the defined word: Nastya, the favorite of all teachers , did an excellent job with any tasks.
The exception is applications with a touch of beingness, when it is possible to replace them with a construction with the word being : My faithful friend and ally , Ivan never let me down (cf. Being my faithful friend and ally , Ivan never let me down).
2. When they refer to personal pronouns: Victory Day , it means a lot to all of us.
3. When applications are after the word being defined and have a clarifying meaning, including if they include words that is, namely, for example, in particular , etc. Example: The owner of the estate, Stepanov , turned out to be an extremely hospitable person. Many birds, for example, rooks , spend the winter in warm places.
In some cases, the application in Russian is isolated using a dash, not commas. It is important to remember that if the application is in the middle of a sentence, the highlighting characters must be paired, that is, the same: two commas or two dashes.