A valuation is a qualitative assessment of agricultural animals carried out in order to determine their economic value. Such studies are carried out, including, of course, on farms specializing in the cultivation of cows and gobies. Specialists make bonuses for cattle in accordance with the breed of animals, weight, exterior, origin, etc.
Preparatory Activities
Before proceeding to the valuation, on the farm:
cattle are checked for inventory numbers with the identification of lost or unclear;
systematize information on maintenance and feeding;
cows summarize the milk yield for the last 305 days;
F2-mol cards are filled.
What is a procedure?
Valuation is primarily an operation that allows you to select certain individuals for the tribe and determine the farm's potential in terms of milk and meat production. During this procedure, the following activities are carried out on farms:
pedigree of cattle is determined;
assesses the exterior and constitution of animals;
an assessment of cow productivity in terms of milk yield and quality is performed.
At the end of the research, experts draw a conclusion and assign each animal to a specific class. The latter is determined in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. In these documents, complexes of the hallmarks of animals of certain classes are described in detail.
Purebred cows
First of all, specialists at the farm study the pedigrees of the cattle. In this case, purebred animals and crossbreeds are revealed. In the list opposite the nickname of each animal, a corresponding mark is made. The first type of cow or bull can be attributed if:
both of their parents are purebred representatives of the same breed - Ayrshire, Simmental, Russian black-motley, Dutch, Holstein, etc .;
animals are crossbreeds obtained by absorption crossing, starting from the fourth generation (subject to the exterior and development of the breed).
When performing scoring, specialists also recognize purebred hybrids obtained by crossing purebred producers of different breeds. It can be, for example, young growth from:
Montbeliard, Sychov and Simmental breeds.
Reds: steppe, Danish, Swedish, Estonian, etc., as well as angelic.
Kostroma, Shvid, Caucasian, Yurinsk, Alatau.
Black-and-white: Russian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Dutch cows, etc.
White-headed Ukrainian and Groningen.
Shorthorn and Kurgan.
In this case, the offspring from cattle of the same root, for example, red steppe, Ayrshire breed and Danish, belong to the group of improved varieties.
Cross
This group includes offspring:
Cattle belonging to different breeds;
obtained as a result of breeding "in itself";
obtained by crossing purebred cattle with local.
When carrying out appraisals on the farm, among other things, the degree of breed of animals is revealed. This is done on farms specializing in breeding Holstein cows, Kostroma, brown Caucasian and any other. When determining the degree of breed use special tables. At the same time, they pay attention to the exterior and productivity of the animal.
If a cow or a bull-calf has all the signs of pedigree, but the documents for them are lost, they are classified as crossbreeds of the I-II generation.
How do cows evaluate milk production?
Cattle are bred extremely rarely in Russia. Therefore, the productivity of such animals when scoring is most often determined in accordance with the quantity and quality of milk received from them.
An assessment is made in this case, taking into account such indicators:
When performing research, special tables are used in which the minimum milk yield for 1, 2 and 3 lactations is indicated for each breed, as well as the amount of fat contained in milk for the same periods. Each animal in the process of bonding cattle is checked for compliance with these standards.
The minimum requirements indicated in the tables are established only for first-calf heifers who brought offspring under the age of 30 months. For cows calving later, they accept the same indicators plus 10%. Animals calving twice are checked for productivity for 2 lactations, full-age cattle for any 3.
Control milking in order to establish productivity by the amount of milk, as well as the calculation of average fat content is carried out at least 1 time per month. The rate of return is determined for 2-3 months. lactation in one day. At the same time, the amount of milk baked per day and the time taken to get it are taken into account.
Instructions for scoring cattle: constitution and exterior
On farms, according to these characteristics, cows should be evaluated at the first hotel and the third. In this case, studies should be carried out at 2-3 months of lactation. Bulls are checked annually until they reach the age of 5 years. With planned scoring of cattle, the constitution and exterior are evaluated only if they were not carried out in the indicated periods.
When performing studies in cows, in this case, first of all, attention is paid to such signs as:
In this case, bulls are evaluated:
After examination, each adult animal is assigned, depending on the result, an assessment of 1 to 10. Moreover, the result is mandatory supplemented with a list of identified defects and defects.
Exterior of young cattle when performing scoring is evaluated not in 10, but in a 5-point system. In this case, calves are entered into the group of "excellent students" only if they have:
good development and age-appropriate growth at the withers;
wide, without interception behind the shoulder blades, chest;
straight line of the sacrum, lower back and back;
well developed pelvis;
the correct setting of the legs with a strong skeleton.
For Dutch cows, Ayrshire, black-and-white, and so on, the score may decrease, for example:
for the rough skeleton;
narrow chest;
overdeveloped head;
forked withers;
sagging belly;
saggy or too small udder;
short, abnormally developed, closely set nipples;
U-turn to the front legs;
narrow, flat, loose hooves, etc.
Of course, experts pay special attention when evaluating the exterior of cows to the udder. Those burenki in which it is not suitable for machine milking, in some cases, can even be rejected and sent to the slaughterhouse. This is done on large farms.
How do final grades
The information obtained as a result of research during the verification of cattle is verified with the data from the tables. In this case, cows are evaluated by:
Bulls by:
Young growth by:
For each of these signs, the animal during the bonding of cattle on farms, in accordance with the data from the tables, is assigned a certain number of points. Further, the points are summarized and according to the results of the cow, calf or bull are assigned to a certain class. The latter for adults, while there are only 4:
For calves classes are provided:
Only the cows of at least the third generation (7/8), and the elite - II can be assigned to the elite-record group. In both cases, the live weight of the animals must comply with the requirements of class I.
Scoring
Adult Holstein cows, steppe red, Dutch and any other dairy can be assigned:
In this case, young animals can be charged:
by genotype - up to 30 points;
on the exterior - up to 10;
by development - up to 10.
At the same time, both highly productive animals and those not distinguished by outstanding qualities can be identified. In many cases, no class is assigned to cows at all. However, such animals, of course, continue to be kept on farms. The only thing is that they are not used as manufacturers.
Using letters in the classification
In the classification of cows, among other things, letters can also be used. For example, if an animal is assigned Class I, it means that it is able to produce a little more milk than other cattle of the same group. The letter B indicates the increased fat content of milk.
Of course, in different years the productivity of cows can change. However, the classiness of each animal is allowed in the following checks only to increase. If a cow has significantly reduced productivity indicators for any reason, it will still be left in the group to which it was originally assigned.
The final stage
Valuation is a procedure by the results of which, among other things, the purpose is determined for each individual on the farm. All classy cows on farms are usually grouped into a breeding core. In this case, the most prominent animals are allocated for custom-made mating conducted in order to obtain young animals for breeding enterprises.
Also according to the results of the scheduling, plans are made:
mating animals on the farm, aimed at improving the breeding qualities of the herd;
herding;
growing repair young animals;
measures to increase livestock productivity.
Based on the results of the valuation, a report is also prepared at the final stage. This procedure is usually carried out by livestock breeders who are full-time farm workers. Also, employees of research institutes or scientists specializing in this particular breed - Simmental, Red Steppe, Holstein, etc., can be invited to farm.