What are the intended ships? Types of ships, their characteristics

There are a great many ships in the world. If only because all watercraft - ships, steamboats, yachts, boats, surfboards, rafts, pedal boats, kayaks, scooters, aircraft carriers, ekranoplanes, submarines and rigs - are ultimately them. All that moves on water, under water, or touching its surface are ships. And now we will try to understand all this diversity.

Ship and ship

Let us first define the term. A ship, as you have seen, is an extremely broad concept. It includes all self-propelled and non-self-propelled structures moving for fishing, sports, transport, military, research and other purposes. In other words, this is a floating object artificially created by people, designed to stay a person on water, under water, or above it, somehow in contact with the water surface.

But the ship is a narrower concept:

• Only a large ship.
• Only a military ship.
• Sailing vessel.

Traditionally, a ship is called only military maritime transport and in no way civilian. It will not be a mistake to call the naval floating craft as a military vessel, but a “warship” is already a tautology.

By type of engine

According to what types of engines are on ships, the latter can also be divided into groups:

• moving due to internal energy (engine, people's efforts);
• moving due to external energy (wind);
• combined (sail-rowing, sail-motor , etc.)

External energy - wind or water currents (for this special underwater sails are built) - use the following vessels:

• Sailing. Man began traveling through wind energy even 6 thousand years ago!
• With wing-sail (hard sail). It looks like a wing of an airplane or a glider. These are buers, sailing catamarans.
• With rotary mover (Flettner rotor). A large rotor cylinder is vertically mounted on the deck of the vessel, which provides the device with the wind energy due to the Magnus effect.
• With a turbo sail. It was invented by the famous French oceanologist Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Successfully used on his ship "Alsion".
• With a kite ("kite", "heavenly sail", "flying sail"). A design, somewhat reminiscent of a paraglider, designed to tow a person who is, for example, on a surf.

Consider what are the ships using internal energy:

• Air (ekranoplans, gliders, etc.).
• Hydraulic (water). Additionally, they are divided into two types:
  • paddle - with parts that accept the reaction of the discarded volumes of water (paddle, propeller, paddle wheel);
  • non-bladed - reactions of water volumes are perceived by fixed parts.
• Gas-water (water + air). Useful traction is provided by dispersal of water masses with compressed air energy.

By position relative to the surface of the water

We will analyze what kind of ships are according to this classification. There are two types of them:

1. SDPP (with dynamic principles of maintenance) - aerodynamic and / or hydrodynamic forces at a certain speed keep the device on the water. This may include:

• ekranoplans;
• hovercraft;
• gliders;
• hydrofoil devices;
• vessels in air caverns.

2. Displacement - stay on the water in accordance with the law of Archimedes. What are the vessels in this category? They, in turn, are divided into several types:

• surface;
• underwater (submarines are not always referred here - only those devices that transport people for peaceful purposes);
• diving (combat and recreational boats);
• semi-submerged (semi-submarine tankers);
• semi-loaded (drilling rigs);
• vessels with a small waterline area.

By type of power plant

What are the ships, ships within this classification:

• Steamboat . The main engine is a steam piston engine. Vessels with a steam turbine are called somewhat differently - turbo walks, steam turbo walkways. The energy source for them is coal, fuel oil.
• Motor ship . The energy installation is an internal combustion engine - a gas or gas turbine (gas turbine). Steam turbine walkers, diesel electric ships can also be attributed to this.
• Turbohod . The vessel drives a gas or steam turbine.
• Atomic ship . The power plant here is nuclear (NPP) or nuclear (NPP). Consequently, nuclear fuel is the main source of energy for these vessels.
• Electric ship . The movement is the result of the operation of electric motors.

Types of Civil Courts

All absolutely ships are divided into two large types - civil and military. However, there are also funds that can be used for these two purposes.

Let’s see what kind of vessels are intended for civil purposes:

• Transport:
  • Passenger - carrying more than 12 persons who are not members of the crew.
  • Freight - something that can not be attributed to the passenger. These are dry cargo vessels (bulk carriers, rollers, container ships, car carriers, refrigerated vessels, etc.) and tankers (distinguishes the transportation of goods in special tanks - tanks).
  • Cargo and passenger - cargo, with seats for passengers, or passenger, with special cargo holds.
• Fishing - fishing vessel. Seiners, trawlers, drifters, whalers, crab boats.
• Technical fleet. It is subdivided into several types:
  • industrial and economic: mining, timber, energy supply, cleaning the bottom, cable, motozavozni, pipe layers, etc .;
  • ships, technically servicing ships, port, waterways: crane, floating docks, pick-up, dredging.
• Service and auxiliary. They can both function independently and provide assistance to other means:
  • rescue;
  • towing;
  • icebreakers;
  • bunkering;
  • training;
  • patrol
  • research;
  • health care.
• Sports.
• Walking.
• Small size.

Types of military ships

Speaking of what kind of ships are, we mention the four ranks of the ships of the Navy:

• First rank:
  • cruisers;
  • aircraft carriers;
  • atomic submarines.
• Second rank:
  • diesel submarines;
  • destroyers;
  • large landing ships;
  • large anti-submarine products.
• Third rank:
  • missile boats;
  • sea ​​minesweepers;
  • small anti-submarine, missile, landing, artillery ships;
  • medium landing ships;
  • patrol ships.
• Fourth rank:
  • landing and torpedo boats ;
  • raid and base minesweepers.

Other classifications

Here are a number of classifications that help to understand what ships are:

• By the method of transportation:
  • self-propelled;
  • non-self-propelled - drifting, towed, fused.
• If necessary, contact with the bottom:
  • free-floating;
  • having the need for contact with the shore or the bottom (raft with a pole, rope steam, Kulibin water passage, cubestan, etc.)
• In the areas of movement:
  • inland waters;
  • sea;
  • mixed.

A small selection of the classification of the entire variety of ships, we hope, helped you form a clearer picture of their vast world.