Past Participle is an English participle used in the past tense. Otherwise, it is called Participle II. In Russian, Past Participle tense corresponds to a passive participle in the past tense. For example: thoughtful, viewed, stolen, done. Past Participle is a non-personal form of a verb and includes both its attributes and the attributes of an adverb and an adjective.
Types of English Communions
Commonly used forms of participles in the English language are:
- Present Participle.
- Past Participle.
For a better understanding, we will analyze them separately.
Present participant
Participle in Present Participle expresses an action that occurs at the same time as the predicate. If the predicate is in the past tense, then the participle will be in the past, if the predicate is in the future tense, then the participle, respectively, in the future and so on.
Present Participle is formed by adding the ending -ing, for example:
- scream [skriːm] - to scream / screaming [ˈskriːmɪŋ] - screaming;
- float [fləʊt] - float / floating [ˈfləʊtɪŋ] - float.
Features of adding -ing endings
1. If a word ends in a consonant, and it is preceded by a short vowel, which is stressed, then -ing doubles the consonant. For instance:
- run [rʌn] - run / running [ˈrʌnɪŋ] - running;
- sit [sɪt] - sit / sitting [ˈsˈtɪŋ] - sitting.
2. If the word ends with -l and has a short vowel before it, then the letter l doubles. For instance:
- travel [trævl] - to travel / traveling [ˈtrævlɪŋ] - traveling;
- cancel [ˈkænsəl] - cancel / cancelling [ˈkænsəlɪŋ] - cancel.
3. If the word ends with -r, and the previous vowel under stress is not a diphthong, then the letter r doubles. For instance:
- prefer [prɪˈfɜːr] - prefer / preferring [prɪˈfɜːrɪŋ] - preferring;
- refer [rɪˈfɜːr] related / referring [rɪˈfɜːrɪŋ] - related.
4. If the word ends with the combination -ie, then before -ing the combination -ie changes to -y. For instance:
- tie [taɪ] - tie / tying [ˈtaɪɪŋ] binding;
- lie [laɪ] - lying / lying [ˈlaɪɪŋ] - lying.
5. If the word ends in mute -e, then before -ing it is omitted. For instance:
- drive [draɪv] - to drive / driving [ˈdraɪvɪŋ] - who was driving;
- make [meɪk] - to do / making [ˈmeɪkɪŋ] - doing.
Past participant
What is the sacrament of Past Participle? It shows the action preceding the action of the predicate. Past Participle is a participle expressing a completed process.
The participle Past Participle is formed by adding -ed to regular verbs, for example:
- wash [wɔʃ] - wash / washed [wɒʃt] - washed;
- shift [ʃɪft] - to shift / shifted [ˈʃɪftɪd] - shifted.
For irregular verbs, the Past Participle form can be found in the irregular verb table (this is the third column called Participle II (V3)). This table is in any textbook on English grammar (it is shown in the figure below). Examples:
- think [θɪŋk] - think / thought [θɔ: t] - invented;
- smell [smel] - smell / smelt [smelt] - felt the smell.
Features of adding –ed endings:
1. If the word ends with the letter -y, which is preceded by a consonant, then before -ed the ending -y changes to -i. For instance:
- study [ˈstʌdɪ] - explore / studied [ˈstʌdɪd] - studied;
- try [traɪ] - try / tried [traɪd] - tried.
2. If the letter y is preceded by a vowel, then before -ed it remains unchanged. For instance:
- enjoy [ɪnˈʤɔɪ] - enjoy / enjoyed [ɪnˈʤɔɪd] - enjoyed;
- stay [steɪ] - stay, sit / stayed [steɪd] - served.
3. If the word ends with the letter l, then before -ed it doubles. For instance:
- signal [sɪgnl] - signal / signaled [ˈsɪgnld] - signalized;
- rebel [rebl] - to rebel / rebelled [rɪˈbɛld] - rebelled.
4. If the word ends in -e (-ee), then only the ending -d is added. For instance:
- explore [ɪksˈplɔː] - explore / explored [ɪkˈsplɔːd] - investigated;
- agree [əˈgriː] - agree / agreed [əˈgriːd] - agreed.
5. If the word ends in one consonant, which is preceded by a short vowel under stress, the consonant is doubled. For instance:
- stop [stɔp] - stop / stopped [stɒpt] - stopped;
- occur [əˈkɜː] - occur / occurred [əkɜːd] - arisen.
6. If there is an unstressed or long vowel before the consonant, the consonant is not doubled. For instance:
- order [ˈɔːdə] - order / orded [ˈɔːdəd] - ordered;
- cool [kuːl] - to cool / cooled [kuːld] - cooled.
7. The only exceptions are the ending letters -x and -w. They do not double. For instance:
- mix [mɪks] - mix / mixed [mɪkst] - mixed;
- snow [snəʊ] - to snow / snowed [snəʊd] - to snow.
8. If the word ends with -ic, then before -ed the ending -ic turns into -ick. For instance:
- mimic [ˈmɪmɪk] - imitate / mimicked [mɪmɪkt] - imitated;
- panic [ˈpænɪk] - to panic / panicked [pænɪkt] - to panic.
Using Past Participle in an Offer
In a sentence, the participle in Past Participle can play the following role:
1. Definitions. In this case, Past Participle is a participle that answers questions like what, what, what, what. Usually stands in front of a defined word. For instance:
- I postponed the studied material. - I postponed the studied (what?) Material.
- On shelves teetered washed utensils. - There was washed (what?) Dishes on the shelves.
Also, the sacrament can stand behind the identified noun, forming a participial turn. For instance:
- My brother did the homework assigned by the teacher. - The brother did the homework assigned by the teacher (which one?).
- Dad fixed the chair broken yesterday. - Dad fixed a chair broken yesterday (what?).
2. The circumstances. Answers the questions “how?”, “Why?”, “When?”. It is put both at the end of the sentence and at the beginning and is an explanation of the verb-predicate. Often used in conjunction with unions: if (if), when (when), though (though), until (so far ... not), unless (if ... not). For instance:
- If called, he will be ready to answer. “If they call him, he will be ready to answer.”
- When came, they didn't want to stay. - Arriving, they did not want to stay.
3. The semantic verb to obtain a passive voice. In this case, Past Participle participle in Past Simple Passive. For instance:
- The building was demolished last year. - The building was demolished last year.
- The program was installed yesterday. - The program was installed yesterday.
4. The semantic verb for receiving the tenses Past Perfect, Present Perfect and Future Perfect. For instance:
- She has already finished cutting the roses. - She has already finished cutting roses.
- He had been in the school by 8 am already. “He was at school by eight in the morning.”
The English participle Past Participle is always a perfect kind and is used exclusively in the past tense. This participle is used in a passive sense.
If you understand all the nuances of using Past Participle, then English speech and English times will be easier to understand. It will also be clear when the sacrament is used as a definition, and when as a circumstance, when in a passive voice, and when it is part of the construction of Perfect times.