Past and Present Participle are indispensable designs in English. To understand how difficult it is to do without them, it is enough to imagine the Russian language without the participles and germs. In addition, the present English participles in the active and passive (passive) voice are used to form different types of temporary forms of verbs, and also perform the function of definition and circumstances. That is, there are more than enough reasons to study them.
General definition
Present participle, or Present Participle, in English is a special independent part of speech that combines the features of a verb and an adjective or adverb. As mentioned earlier, it corresponds to the sacrament and / or gerimony (depending on the situation) in Russian. Here are some examples of Present Participle suggestions to help you make sure.
Example | Transfer |
| I saw a boy running along the street. I guess he was playing a game or something, and if everything in that game depended on how fast he was running, then I can confidently say that he is the one who won. | I saw a boy running along the street. I think he played a game or something like that, and if everything in this game depended on how fast he ran, I can confidently say that he won. |
| I like thinking people, if you know what I mean. Those who are more about listening to others then talking themselves. | I like thinking people if you understand what I mean. Those who listen to others more than they say something. |
| When driving I enjoy listening to music. | Driving a car, I enjoy listening to music. |
In these sentences, the sacraments performed different functions. In the future, each of them will be considered separately.
Grammatical tense verb
Present participles Past Participle is often used in conjunction with auxiliary verbs to form complex English tense forms of the "continuous" category. Here are some examples of how this is applied in practice:
| Example | Transfer |
| All the children were playing, laughing, eating sweets and enjoying their time. | All the children played, laughed, ate sweets and enjoyed the pastime. |
| I hate when people are offending each other because of their nationality, race, tastes or appearance. | I hate it when people offend each other because of their nationality, race, tastes or appearance. |
| I have been working here since September for nine month. | I have been working here since last September for nine months. |
Although not all verbs in these examples are in the present tense, this does not apply to the participle. The fact is that the participle of the present tense can serve to educate, for example, the past long time. They are independent of each other, since these are two completely different grammatical characteristics.
Definition
Communion often serves as a definition. For example, in sentences similar to the following examples:
| Example | Transfer |
| I saw a smoking man in the street. | I saw a smoking man on the street. |
| She told me that I must fire the most hard-working man in my company, because she doesn't like him! | She told me that I have to fire the most working person in my company because she doesn't like him! |
| Have you seen this man playing guitar before? | Have you seen how this person plays the guitar? |
This is not to say that proposals with a similar meaning could not be built without Present Participle. However, in this form they sound the most concise and competent.
Circumstance of time
Speaking of events that occurred at the same time, using the participle of the present tense can be very convenient. However, such proposals always have more cumbersome counterparts without the participles. Which option to use is a private matter for everyone. The following table shows both.
| Communion example | Communion example | Transfer |
| When I was going home, I met her. | When going home, I met her. | When I was going home (going home), I met her. |
| When he watches TV-shows, he likes to discuss them with his son. | Watching TV-shows, he likes to discuss them with his son. | When he watches television, he likes to discuss them with his son. |
| When you go to the theater, don't forget to call me! | When going to the theater, don't forget to call me! | When you go to the theater (going to the theater), do not forget to call me! |
Circumstances of the course of action
Adverbs in English, as in Russian, serve to characterize actions. Present participles - Present Participle - combine some features of adverbs with features of other parts of speech, so this function is also assigned to them.
| Communion example | Transfer | Communion example | Transfer |
| She was reading the letter and crying. | She read the letter and sobbed. | She was reading the letter, crying. | She read the letter, sobbing. |
| People were discussing the movie and laughing loudly. | People discussed the film and laughed out loud. | People were discussing the movie, laughing loudly. | People were discussing the film, laughing out loud. |
| I like eating sweets and listening to music. | I love to eat sweets and listen to music. | I like eating sweets, listening to music. | I like to eat sweets while listening to music. |
Circumstance of the cause
In English, as in any other language, it is often necessary to express causal relationships between actions or phenomena. Present Participle and here is able to play an important role.
| Communion example | Transfer | Communion example | Transfer |
| He earned a lot of money, that is why he bought a new car. | He made a lot of money, that's why he bought a new car. | Earning a lot of money, he bought a new car. | Having earned a lot of money, he bought a new car. |
| She felt his interest in her and decided to write him a letter. | She felt his interest in herself and decided to write him a letter. | Feeling his interest to her, she decided to write him a letter. | Feeling his interest in her, she decided to write him a letter. |
| People heard something strange and went out to see what happened. | People heard a strange sound and went outside to see what happened. | Hearing something strange, people went out to see what happened. | Hearing a strange sound, people went outside to see what happened. |
In this case, the difference between the variants with and without communion is almost not felt, so the choice between them is a matter of taste. Nevertheless, substitutability does not negate the fact that to know the present participles in English is simply necessary. Of course, nobody wants to spend long hours suffering over Past and Present Participle exercises. On the other hand, mastering a new topic in a foreign language, it is important to correctly combine dry theoretical material with practical examples.