New constructions appear in the Russian language, the foundations of which are already taken from existing words or phrases. Each element can be attributed to a certain category. There are only two of them: non-derivatives and derivatives. There are also various kinds of word stems. Further in the article we will talk about what these components are. Also find out how to find the basis of the word. The text will provide examples for a better understanding.
Types of designs
In the elements of speech, which tend to change, the basis of the word is a non-ending part and an affix that gives shape. For example: desert (i) or pine, eighth (oy) or chita (l) . In immutable elements of speech, the basis is equal to the word. Examples can be considered designs dreaming or high . There are exceptions in which the word base is intermittent:
- verb forms that have a postfix or -s, for example, frequent ;
- pronouns that have something, something, something, an example: somehow ;
- compound nouns - wardrobe-a-compartment ;
- complex numerals - sem-and-ten-and .
The structure of speech elements
The base of the word is an unchanging part. This element conveys its lexical meaning. Which part before us - derivative or non-derivative - can be determined by its structure. The basis of the word, which consists of a single morpheme, that is, the root, is considered non-derivative. For example: table, city . The foundations, which include two or more word-forming affixes, are considered to be derivatives. Most often this is the root, which is combined with the suffix (one or a couple), for example, bread-n-th . With prefixes - re-years . And also in rare cases with a prefix and a suffix in one word: homeless . All emerging elements of speech can be formed from a derivative or non-derivative part.
Word basis
These parts are components of new speech elements. They have nothing to do with derivative and non-derivative structures. An example of the presence of a producing base is the word strong . The initial speech element is strength . The basis of words that change and which do not change is different from each other. In elements that change, this component is a part without endings and suffixes that form a form. For example: sad or window . How is the basis of the word determined in these cases? The rule says that you need to remove the ending and formative suffixes.
Non-derivative element
In Russian, there are words that have a primary character. That is, they are not formed from any structures. The basis of such words is called non-derivative. For example: water, grass, white . The non-derivative basis of the word has only the root. It cannot be divided into morphemes. Affixes (suffixes, prefixes, postfixes, etc.) can be combined with a non-derivative basis. They form new speech elements. This is how constructions with derivative foundations appear. Examples of such words are: brother - brotherly - brotherly .
Derived Item
This is the basis of the word, which appeared from another element as a result of the addition of some morpheme. The main component of a component of this type is the root, but it may also include:
- suffixes. Examples: courage, masculinity, courageous ;
- prefixes - for-husband, great-grandson, non-friend ;
- prefix and suffix in one word. For example: husband-sk-i, cart-husband-a-l-th .
The derivative form can be divided into several morphemes, it is not only composed of the root. The derivative form may be continuous and discontinuous. The first type can be considered in the following examples: dream, fish, or tables . Examples of discontinuous production bases are the words meet or carried away , etc. It should be noted some features of these designs. Any derivative part has its own generative basis of the word. The latter is the source element. For example, we can consider the word water , and its derivatives: watery, watery , as well as wateriness .
How to combine suffixes, prefixes and postfixes
Let's start with the examples: dhoohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh orhhh In this case, affixes that form the word are attached to the base, which is called the producing one, due to them a new element or phrase appears. As a result, various chains of phrases may arise. They mainly include words that have a non-derivative basis. Each speech element included in the chain is considered related, as well as one-root. Foundations that have endings like -th, -th, can cause some difficulties in parsing a word. It may also be difficult to isolate the root. For example: newcomer, articles, foxes . In order to avoid mistakes, it is necessary to incline a certain word several times and try to understand how strongly the sound (j) is retained in other forms of this word. If it is absent, then we have before us the variable part of the word. In other words, sound (j) is present in the ending. If it is clearly preserved, then it is the basis of the word. For example: become - j - u , stat - j - i . In the case of morphological analysis of the word, the basis must be indicated by a square line below.
This applies in the case of a written method. In electronic printed versions, the base is highlighted with ordinary
square brackets. This is due to the fact that the computer keyboard does not have the necessary button. All these elementary rules are studied at school, they are necessary for any educated person.