Pupils begin a detailed study of the sacraments in the seventh grade. Working with this part of speech causes a lot of difficulties, as children confuse it with the adjective. This is due to the fact that outwardly they are very similar.
In order to learn how to accurately distinguish the participle from the adjective, it is necessary to pay attention to the morphological features of the word, its role in the sentence, lexical and syntactic compatibility. But you should start by studying the theoretical foundations.
What is the sacrament?
Modern linguistics does not give an exact answer to this question. Two versions were widely used:
- Communion is an independent part of speech. Has the grammatical meaning of the attribute of the subject in action.
- Communion is a special verb form. The grammatical meaning is the same as in the first case.
In school practice, both options are popular, for example, in the textbook for the seventh grade edited by Shansky N.M. you can find the following definition: participle is an independent part of speech, indicating the attribute of an object in action and combining the attributes of a verb and an adjective. In the publication of authorship of M. Razumovskaya, one can see another option. Here, this part of speech is presented as a form of a verb. In both cases, the same morphological features of the sacrament are distinguished.
What is the difficulty?
The ability to distinguish the participle from the adjective is of great importance for the correct use of this part of speech in written works. To cope with such a task is easy if you remember the characteristic features of these words.
The morphological features of the sacrament combine the individual traits of an adjective and a verb. For this reason, disputes arise about the place of this part of speech in the system of the native language.
Morphological features of the verb in the participle
The sacrament is formed from the verb stem, therefore, takes over part of its features. It has morphological categories such as species, time, transitivity, and recurrence. But at the same time, the participle does not change in faces and does not express the meaning of moods.
This part of the speech can be perfect (traveled, drunk, found) or imperfect (led, buying, checked). What type of participle is determined by analogy with the verb. If it answers the question "what did you do?" - imperfect view, "what did?" - perfect.
Sacraments can be present (produced, thinking) or past tense (bought, assigned). The future does not form.
Return is determined by the presence of the postfix "sya". If it is present in the structure of the word, the participle is returnable (laughing, undressing).
Transition and intransigence of this part of speech is revealed by its ability to combine with direct addition (a girl buying a doll). It must be remembered that reflexive participles cannot be transitive.
Morphological features of the adjective in the participle
Difficulties in identifying participles in the text, as mentioned above, arise in schoolchildren due to the fact that this part of speech is similar to the adjective in its sound design. In the lessons of the Russian language, children are purposefully given tasks to distinguish between such words.
The ability to bow is a morphological sign of the sacrament, which was borrowed from the adjective. This part of speech can vary in numbers and cases.
Another morphological sign of communion, which is also characteristic of the adjective, is a change in childbirth. The same word can appear in masculine, middle or feminine gender, depending on the context.
The last thing that unites these two parts of speech is the ability to form short forms.
Permanent and intermittent symptoms
Permanent morphological features of the sacrament include pledge, type and time. To non-permanent - gender, number, case, full or short form.
A pledge may be valid or passive. You can understand what type of participle is by its lexical meaning or formative suffix. In the words of the real voice there are such morphemes as -ash (-yash), -ush (-yushch), -vsh, -sh. The participles of the passive voice appear with the help of the affixes -om (s), -im, -nn, -enn, -t. Only the second group is able to build short forms.
Knowledge of what the participle is and what signs of the adjective and the verb it combines will be needed for the competent construction of sentences in writing. In addition, after reading this article, any task where you need to correctly determine the part of speech will be up to you.