Finding correspondences between a grammatical error and a sentence in which it is made is one of the most difficult tasks in the examination work in the Russian language. Often in the works of schoolchildren there are grammatical errors in constructing sentences with an inconsistent application.
Application in Russian grammar
The application is perhaps the most mysterious minor member of the sentence, which is extremely difficult to distinguish from an uncoordinated definition or predicate. So, an application is a member of a sentence, which in it performs the syntactic function of definition, but is expressed by a noun or a word that has become a noun. Being essentially a definition, the application is consistent with the main word in the case and number. For example: " Brother Andrew went into the room." Brother - an application that is consistent with the defined word in number and case. Or " Prankish cat littered in the room . "
Application borders
In Russian grammar, an application can be nouns (Gora- giant towered above the sea), phrases (Guest , a relative of neighbors, spoke clearly and thoughtfully), revolutions with a union like (Father, as an elderly person, it was difficult to climb stairs), revolutions with words by first name, title, last name, nickname, family (Military soldier , colonel, helped women and children), names in quotation marks (the family wrote the journal Electron for several years).
The last two examples illustrate cases of using an inconsistent application, where the form of the word being defined and the application form coincide only in the nominative and accusative cases. A violation in constructing a proposal with an inconsistent application is a typical mistake made by students.
The issue of defining applications as a proposal member
In Russian linguistics there is no consensus on the boundaries of the application. This is a controversial member of the proposal.
The application is usually considered in a broad sense and in a narrow one. So, in the narrow sense of the word, an application is a noun definition. There is a category of scholars who refer to applications any adjective that complements the noun. Others believe that the application is a refinement construct with the main members of the sentence. There is an opinion that the application is an additional clause. Such dissimilar points of view are explained by different criteria - semantic and grammatical, taken as a basis.
Appendix and Definition
By parsing a sentence, the application can be emphasized with a wavy line, like any definition. An inconsistent definition is similar to an application: it is expressed by a noun in an indirect case. The difference between the application and the definition is that the application, characterizing the subject, gives it a different name. The definition is descriptive. For example:
- A woman from Moscow lived opposite.
- A woman with brown eyes was walking along the street.
The first sentence identifies an appendix that gave a different, additional name to the subject: a native of Moscow means a Muscovite. In the second sentence, an inconsistent definition with brown eyes, that is, brown-eyed , which describes the subject. A violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application or an inconsistent definition is both grammatical and punctuation. It must be remembered that inconsistent applications, which are the names of something, are enclosed in quotation marks: the play "At the Bottom", the costume "Nike", the coffee "Arbat" .
Offenses in the construction of the proposal: inconsistent application
An inconsistent application is the name in most cases.
In this case, an application is considered inconsistent if it is in an indirect case in the presence of a generic word. For example, the
novel "Path" : here
"Path" is a coordinated application, since it is included in the same number as the generic word - in the singular, nominative case. If you use this phrase in an
indirect case, then the application becomes inconsistent:
in the novel "Path", in the novel "Path" , where the application does not change. Coordination in the case of a generic word and application is a violation in the construction of a proposal with an uncoordinated application.
Inconsistent application in the examination paper
In the final work on the Russian language, the task is included - to find a sentence with incorrect use of the application. This is a compliance task, where in the list of sentences it is necessary to find various grammatical errors, including a violation in constructing a sentence with an inconsistent application. The theory for this task, given in the tables below, helps to understand the material.
Examples will help to understand the essence of the task.
Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application| Misuse of an inconsistent application | Correct use of an inconsistent application |
| The magazine "Secular Life" published the results of the vote. | The magazine "Secular Life" published the results of the vote. In "Secular Life" published the results of the vote. |
| The opera The Nutcracker was seriously interested in the child. | The opera The Nutcracker was seriously interested in the child. The Nutcracker became seriously interested in the child. |
| There was no Alenka candy on the table . | There was no Alenka candy on the table . There was no Alyonka on the table . |
In accordance with the norms of the Russian language, changes in the main word together with the application in indirect cases are violations in the construction of the sentence. An inconsistent application, examples of the use of which are given in the table, may vary by case if the sentence is missing the main word.
App Punctuation
Applications in the proposal can be isolated and not isolated. There are rules governing the isolation of applications.
Application isolation| The rule | Example |
| The application is isolated if it is widespread and refers to a common word or personal pronoun. | His friend, a former military man, was in a car. An orphan from childhood, she did not receive a good education. |
| The application is isolated, if it is distributed, refers to its own name and stands after it. | Nikitin, a colleague of his brother, did not appear in the unit. |
| An application expressed in its own name is isolated if words can be substituted for it, namely, more precisely, that is . | The sister of Anna Ivanovna, (namely) Lidia Ivanovna, was resting in a sanatorium. |
| Separates the application introduced by the union as. | As a superstitious man, he did not tell anyone about the new business. |
There are cases of isolation of common applications using dashes. A dash is used to make the application more meaningful. For example, the only joy in life was him - her cat. Non-distributed single applications are most often separated from the word defined by a hyphen: an old general, a palmist friend, a Siberian employee .
Punctuation with an inconsistent application
An application, like a definition, can be isolated.
In the creative works of pupils and students,
punctuation errors occur in applications and a violation in the construction of sentences with an uncoordinated application. The exercises, which students can prepare for the exam, are given below the table.
Punctuation with an inconsistent application| The rule | Example |
| Inconsistent applications that appear after words by name, nickname, gender, last name, nickname, stand apart. | That student, named Michael, was a dodger and a magician. The owner, nicknamed Bugai, was afraid of pets. |
| If at words by name, by nickname, by birth, by last name, nickname there is no enumerative intonation, then the application may not be isolated. | The whole family loved the parrot named Tosha. |
| An inconsistent application indicating the name of works, institutions, enterprises, companies and so on is enclosed in quotation marks. | The Anchor Restaurant had no free tables. There are a lot of positive reviews about the film "On the Way". |
Training exercises
- Correct proposal: A board of directors was held at Sarenneft.
- Arrange punctuation marks: The leader of the first unit, nicknamed the Leader, won the baton.
In the examination papers on the Russian language, a violation in constructing a sentence with an uncoordinated application is like a trap for inattentive graduates.
In the options from which you need to choose a proposal with the wrong use of the application, there are also correctly
composed sentences. For example,
an article on agriculture was published in Izvestia. This is a correct proposal. And the proposal "
In" Izvestia "published an article about agriculture" - incorrectly composed.
Difficult cases of finding the application
The application is still a controversial member of the proposal, which causes controversy among linguists. A violation in constructing a proposal with an inconsistent application is not the only mistake that students can make. The application can be confused with clarifying constructions or with a predicate. For example, there was nobody in the apartment (it was always open). There is no application in this offer, but there is a plug-in design. The sentence " Sister is my best friend" also lacks an application. Here the predicate is expressed by the noun in the nominative case.
The application is an ambiguous member of the proposal, using which it is necessary to take into account the norms and rules of constructing proposals with applications.