Fixed assets of the organization are such means of production that are used for several cycles, while maintaining its shape. Naturally, they gradually wear out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products.
Fixed assets include:
- facilities;
- land;
- machines, industrial buildings;
- appliances;
- equipment;
- instruments.
They include the physical capital of the organization, but such that the service life is more than a year, and the cost is more than one hundred minimum wages. Volume is calculated only in monetary terms. Consequently, fixed assets can be characterized as financial assets that have been invested in material form.
Let us consider in more detail their types, features of functioning and basic statistics.
Fixed assets structure
It will be determined by the specifics of production and the strategic goals of the organization; It is represented as a percentage depending on the specific gravity of various groups. So, for example, at a machine-building enterprise, machinery and equipment (about 50%), as well as buildings (40%) should occupy the greatest weight.
Fixed assets can be divided into two large groups.
Firstly, production, which are directly involved in the manufacture of products (or the provision of services) and which, in turn, can also be classified on several grounds.
Such fixed assets are divided into the following subgroups:
- industrial buildings (buildings of workshops, warehouses, laboratories, and so on);
- engineering facilities (flyovers, tunnels, roads, freestanding pipes, etc.);
- transmitting devices (electric networks, gas networks, heating networks, transmissions, etc.);
- machinery and equipment (power, workers, regulatory, measuring, computing and others);
- vehicles (wagons, diesel locomotives, motorcycles, cars, carts, cars and so on);
- tool (percussion, cutting, sealing, pressing, mounting, for mounting, etc.);
- production supplies and equipment (workbenches, tables, containers, fences, racks, fans, and so on);
- household equipment (cabinets, tables, safes, hangers, duplicators, typewriters, etc.).
Production fixed assets are also divided into active (equipment, machines, vehicles, tools) and passive (all other subgroups), which are intended to create conditions for the normal functioning of the enterprise.
Secondly, non-production fixed assets. They do not participate in the creation of products, but provide the life and livelihoods of employees. These are houses, clubs, kindergartens, motels, stadiums, healthcare facilities and more.
Statistics of fixed assets. Accounting is made both in kind and in value terms.
In the first case, this is necessary in order to:
- determine the technical composition and balance of equipment;
- to calculate the production capacity of the organization and its production departments and divisions;
- determine the degree of wear and tear of equipment, application and terms of updating
The source documents, which are necessary for the control of fixed assets in physical terms, are the passports of workplaces, equipment and enterprises. The first two should contain a detailed technical description: commissioning dates , deterioration, power, and so on. The enterprise passport contains its profile, technical characteristics, equipment composition, economic indicators.
Monetary valuation is necessary in order to determine their total value, composition and structure, dynamics, depreciation, assessment of the economic feasibility of their use.