How many of us, as a schoolboy, thought about how important it is to learn the rules of the Russian language? Sometimes such a simple child’s oversight as unreleased lessons can play a trick in adulthood. Yes, the computer age is in the yard, and Word indicates errors, so you don’t have to worry about grammar. But we still fill in a lot of documents by hand, we write a lot of applications in the old fashioned way with a pen on paper, and it’s simply unacceptable for children to make mistakes in the text.
Quite often, a spelling vowel spelling causes difficulties. Children are introduced to this linguistic concept in the fifth grade, but after graduation, few can remember the rules for writing words that fall into this category. In this article, you can find information about the origin of these vowels, their spelling and methods of verification.
Definition of the term
What are runaway vowels and why are they called that? Runaway - because it either falls out when the word changes, or appears where it was not there before. Speaking in a linguistic language - vowels alternate with zero sound during shaping and the formation of new words.
For example: sleep - sleep, oak - oak, nut - nut.
With zero sound –– and –– alternate. A fluent vowel can appear and disappear in the prefix, root, and suffix of a word.
Spelling value
Where did the fluent vowels come from? What is reduced vowels is not known to everyone today. But in the Old Russian language, instead of a part of the letters familiar today, the letter used the so-called ultra-short vowels: b - "ep", which was read as "O" and b - "yer", which was read as "E". Therefore, when their position is strong, they are transformed into -– and –– vowels, and when they are weak, they disappear.
For example: father - father; father - father.
In modern language, spoken fluent vowels are used to facilitate the pronunciation of clusters of consonants. That is why in some word forms and in words, when the case changes, the sound appears and disappears. For writing, there are several spelling rules that must be remembered in order to avoid mistakes.
Basic forms with fluent vowels
Before learning the rules, it is necessary to determine in what forms of words this spelling is hiding. There are fluent vowels in words related to nouns, adjectives and verbs.
It occurs in three forms without ending:
- nouns used in the masculine gender of the 2nd declension, in the singular of the nominative case with a suffix - approx.
For example: bag - bag, hammer - hammer.
- nouns used in the plural in the 1st declension and the middle gender of the 2nd declension in the genitive, as well as some forms having only the plural with the suffixes -r, -, -.
For example: sister - sisters, day - day, ring - rings.
- a short form of high-quality adjectives used in the singular masculine and possessive adjectives of the masculine in the form of a nominative case in the singular with the endings - en, -th, -a-, -a-ball.
For example: sad - sad - sad, canine - canine - canine.
Runaway vowels can appear both in a separate form of the word, and in its related derivatives. In addition, they can act as percussion and unstressed sounds. As a rule, sounds -o, -e, -- appear in the shock position, and extremely rarely occurs -and. It is important to remember that before the letter “in” in the shock position, –– is used, which is heard during pronunciation.
For example: family - family - families - family, sparrow - sparrow.
Given the complexity of defining a fluent vowel in a word, spelling can be difficult. To check most cases of this spelling, two basic rules can be distinguished. The first rule refers to the spelling of adjectives and nouns, the second to verbs.
Knowing what fluent vowels are, and remembering simple methods for checking them, you can avoid blunders in writing.
Rule one
This verification method refers to the writing of nouns and adjectives. It is important to pay attention to the neighborhood. Namely, which consonants stand next to the fluent vowels.
- If it is a solid pair of consonants, then you should write the letter “o”.
- When it is hissing, soft paired consonants, as well as -ts-, then in the word the place is the letter ––.
- In the case of the neighborhood of paired soft hissing in front of -y-, the letter –– should be used.
Second rule
How to write verbs with this vowel? In fact, everything is quite simple: if the word after the root has the suffix ––, the letter –– is written in the root. If this suffix is not, then the letter -.
Exclusion List
There are words that do not fall under the rules, you just need to remember them in order to use them correctly.
- Instead of the expected ––, the letter ––– can be used: a hare - a hare.
- The expected -– can replace -–-: worthy - worthy, dignity .
- The letter -‐ instead of –- : judge - judges, gun - guns, hive - beehive, boil - boil.
Knowing what fluent vowels are will definitely come in handy! And to learn the rules and rid yourself of mistakes is very easy!