Vocabulary colloquial and colloquial: examples and rules of use

Writing a bright, memorable book is difficult. But some authors are able to win the attention of an impressive readership with their works. What is the secret of their success? We will try to find out in this article how they achieve universal recognition.

Common language

Colloquial vocabulary - words with a rude, stylistically reduced and even vulgar hue, which are located outside the boundaries of the literary syllable. They are not typical of an exemplary book style, but they are familiar to various groups of society and are a cultural and social characteristic of those people who do not speak the written language. Such words are used in some types of conversation: in humorous or familiar speech, in verbal skirmishes and the like.

In general, colloquial vocabulary, which is used in people's conversations, is called colloquial. However, it can not be rude and have a special expression. It includes, for example, the following words: “inward”, “in the distance”, “for nothing”, “theirs”, “the other day”, “for the time being”, “hardly”, “in bulk”, “to bathe”, “rubbish”, “Blurt out”, “hard worker”, “articulate”, “brainy”.

Marks in dictionaries indicating a reduced style of words and their meanings, giving them a negative rating, are countless. Colloquial vocabulary most often contains evaluative and expressive tone.

In it you can also find generally accepted sayings that differ only in their accentology and phonetics (“tabaterka” instead of “snuffbox”, “curious” instead of “serious”).

Reasons for use

Colloquial vocabulary in different types of dialect is used for various reasons: the author's direct relationship to the described, pragmatic motives (journalistic phrases), expressive themes and outrageous (colloquial words), characterological motifs (artistic phrases). In formal business and scientific conversations, colloquial vocabulary is perceived as a foreign style element.

Non-delicate style

Roughly colloquial vocabulary has a weakened, expressive impolite color. It consists, for example, of the following words: “shushera”, “yield”, “revolutions”, “erysipelas”, “pot-bellied”, “trepach”, “muzzle”, “mug”, “bast shoe”, “bitch”, “ to scatter ”,“ to slam ”,“ scum ”,“ hamlo ”. Extreme vulgarisms, that is obscene expressions (indecent abuse) belong to her. In this style, you can find words with exceptional colloquial meanings (most often metamorphic) - “whistle” (“steal”), “it cuts” (“speaks smartly”), “roll” (“write”), “weave” ( “Talk nonsense”), “hat” (“muddler”), “vinaigrette” (“hash”).

Everyday style

Spoken vocabulary is one of the basic categories of the vocabulary of the writer's language, along with the neutral and book genre. It forms words known mainly in dialogical phrases. This style is focused on informal conversations in an atmosphere of interpersonal communication (looseness of communication and expression of attitude, thoughts, feelings to the subject of conversation), as well as units of other tiers of the language, acting mainly in colloquial phrases. Therefore, expressive diminished coloring is inherent in everyday expressions.

The colloquial genre is divided into two basic layers of unequal capacity: written vernacular and everyday vocabulary.

Spoken vocabulary

What is colloquial and vernacular vocabulary? Common vocabulary consists of words that are characteristic of oral types of communicative practice. Spoken phrases are heterogeneous. They are located below neutral sayings, but depending on the degree of literature, this vocabulary is divided into two significant groups: colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

Common vocabulary includes terms that give the conversation a hint of informality, spontaneity (but not crudely vernacular words). From the point of view of the attribute of the parts of speech, dialog vocabulary, as well as neutral, is diverse.

It includes:

• nouns: "wit", "big guy", "nonsense";
• adjectives: “sloppy”, “disorderly”;
• adverbs: “in my own way”, “at random”;
• interjection: “oh”, “buy”, “lie”.

The common vocabulary, despite its obtuseness, does not go beyond the boundaries of the literary Russian language.

Colloquial vocabulary is lower in style than common, and therefore placed outside the standardized writer's Russian language. It is divided into three categories:

1. Expressive-coarse vocabulary is grammatically shown by adjectives (“scribbled”, “pot-bellied”), verbs (“sniff”, “swell”), nouns (“dylda”, “turnover”), adverbs (“lousy”, “foolishly”). These words are most often heard in the conversations of poorly educated individuals, determining their cultural level. Sometimes they are found in conversations of intelligent people. The expressiveness of these words, their semantic and emotional capacities, sometimes allow us to expressively and briefly show the attitude (often negative) to any object, phenomenon or person.
2. Rough-colloquial vocabulary differs from a rough-expressive high level of swagger. These, for example, are such words: “hailo”, “kharya”, “mug”, “turnip”, “grunt”, “rylnik”. These sayings are eloquent, they are able to convey the negative attitude of the interviewer to any episodes. Due to excessive savagery, such a vocabulary is unacceptable in the conversations of cultural people.
3. Actually colloquial vocabulary. It refers to a small number of words that are not literary not because they are clumsy (they are not rude in expressive coloring and meaning) or have a swearing character (they do not have abusive semantics), but because they are not advised to use educated people in conversations. These are such words as "ahead of time", "just now", "aunt", "I suppose", "spawn". This type of vocabulary is also called commonplace and differs from dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the village.

Synonyms

Synonyms in colloquial vocabulary and literary very often at the same time differ in the degree of expressiveness and expressiveness:

• head - galangal head;
• face - an image, a muzzle;
• legs are slags.

Often in conversations there are not only synonyms as such, but vernacular versions of literary words, including grammatical ones:

• to her - to her;
• always forever;
• he has eaten - he has eaten;
• theirs is theirs;
• from there - Ottudova, Ottedova;
• goodbye - goodbye.

Creativity M. Zoshchenko

Many believe that the means of expression of speech is vernacular vocabulary. Indeed, in the hands of a skilled writer, non-literary words can serve not only as a means of psychological description of heroes, but also give rise to a recognizable style specific situation. The prototype of this is the creative work of M. Zoshchenko, who skillfully parodied philistine psychology and everyday life, “interspersing” uncomfortable, commonplace expressions in the conversations of the heroes.

What does colloquial vocabulary look like in his books? Examples of professionalism of M. Zoshchenko are impressive. This talented writer wrote the following:

"I say:

- Isn't it time for us to sit in the theater? Called maybe.

And she says:

- Not.

And he takes the third cake.

I say:

- On an empty stomach - isn't it a lot? May vomit.

And she:

“No,” he says, “we are used to it.”

And the fourth takes.

Then blood hit my head.

“Lodges,” I say, “back!”

And she got scared. She opened her mouth, and a tooth gleams in her mouth.

And it seemed to me that I got a reins under my tail. Anyway, I think now do not walk with her.

“Lodges,” I say, “to hell!” (The story "Aristocrat").

In this work, the comic effect was achieved not only due to the many common expressions and forms, but also due to the fact that these statements stand out against the background of “exquisite” literary cliches: “eaten cakes” and so on. As a result, a psychological portrait is created of a poorly educated, narrow-minded person who seeks to seem intelligent. It is he who is the classic hero of Zoshchenko.

Dialect vocabulary

And what is dialect-colloquial vocabulary? Studying the urban common language, many ask an urgent question about its local color related to the influence of dialects: emphasizing the limited parameters in accordance with the data of a particular metropolis makes it possible to compare them with materials from other cities, for example, Tambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk and etc.

The conventionality of the boundary between vernacular and dialect vocabulary is very often explained by the historical connections of the dialect with jargon, genetic reasons that are not entirely legitimately analyzed sometimes as the basic source of enlightenment for this depleted layer of the popular language.

The skill of A. I. Solzhenitsyn

Agree, sometimes the use of colloquial vocabulary gives the work a certain uniqueness. The linguistic and stylistic skill of A. I. Solzhenitsyn, marked by an extraordinary originality, attracts many linguists. And the paradox of the negative attitude of some readers to it obliges us to study the language and style of the works of this author. For example, his novel “One Day by Ivan Denisovich” shows the inner unity and consistent, precise motivation of its figurative-verbal composition, in which, as L. N. Tolstoy argued, “a unique order of the only possible words” appears, which is a sign of true artistry.

Important nuance

Dialect vocabulary is very important for Solzhenitsyn. By “delegating” the peasant function to the peasant, making him the main character of his story, the writer managed to create an extremely unconventional and expressive dialectic assessment of his expressions, which resolutely ruled out the effectiveness of the return to the hackneyed stock of “folk” speech signs that wander from book to book ( such as "nadys", "aposlya", "sweetheart", "look-kos" and the like).

For the most part, this description of the dialect is not even developed due to vocabulary (“groan”, “ice”, “jalabud”, “foolish”), but due to word formation: “neglect”, “undershot”, “shelter”, “satisfied” , "Hastily." Such a way of connecting dialectisms to the speech art sphere, as a rule, causes an appreciation among critics, as it revives the associative familiar connections of the image and the word.

Folk speech

And how is colloquial vocabulary used in speech? In the conversations of the modern peasantry, dialect and common vocabulary are practically inseparable from each other. And do such, say, words like “worthless”, “self-thought”, “perfumed”, “grab”, go back to any particular dialect and that is why they are perceived or used in their general non-literary properties - for a speech assessment of Ivan Denisovich does not matter. The important thing is that with the help of both the first and second conversation of the hero gets the necessary stylistic-emotional coloring.

We hear a generous humor, lively, free from the standard easily borrowed recently in various disputed fields, insightful folk speech. Solzhenitsyn knows her well and sensitively captures new minor shades in her.

How else is colloquial vocabulary characterized? Examples of its application can be given endlessly. It is interesting that Shukhov used the verb “insure” in one of the fresh “sports-production” meanings - to ensure the reliability of the action, to protect: “Shukhov ... with gratitude, he hastily took a half-smoker and insured with the second one so as not to drop it.”

Or the cramped use of one of the meanings of the verb “consist”, which could appear in popular sayings only at the present time: “Someone brought stencils from the war, and has since gone, and more and more such dyes are being typed: they are nowhere to be found, nowhere does not work…".

Solzhenitsyn’s knowledge of folk expressions gave him a difficult life experience, and, of course, the master’s active interest, which prompted him not only to consider, but also to specifically study the Russian language.