There are two ways of forming verbal participles from verbs: using suffixes and prefixes. Each method has its own rules and nuances. There are many tables illustrating the formation of gerunds (we propose one of them in our article), but before you study them, you need to clearly understand what gangway is and what signs this part of speech has.
What is adverbial participle and adverbial turnover?
The participle is an independent part of speech formed from the verb, which combines the properties of the adverb and the verb, in the sentence it means an additional action caused by the predicate and committed by the subject. A bunch of gerimony with words dependent on it is called gangbang.
The participles and the participles are always isolated on the letter and answer the questions “what have you done?”, “What are you doing?”, In some cases they are asked questions like “why?”, “How?”, “When?”.
For instance:
- having run a marathon (what have you done?);
- sorting berries (what doing?);
- she looked, smiling (how?).
Morphological features
The participles possess such morphological features of the verb as transitivity, type and recurrence:
- wash (irrevocable, imperfect appearance) - mine;
- wash (irrevocable, perfect look) - washing;
- wash (return, perfect look) - after washing .
The participles are distributed in the same way as the verbs:
- wash hands - washing hands;
- wash apples - washing apples;
- wash after jogging - after washing after jogging .
The participles have such signs of an adverb as immutability by gender, conjugation, number, person:
- He smiled while reading a book. They smiled while reading a book. She forgot about her surroundings while reading a book.
Syntax Signs
The syntactic features of participles include its dependence on the verb-predicate, as well as its role in the sentence. Like adverbs, most of the participles and single participles are circumstances:
- Circumstance of time. Walking through the park, she met friends.
- Circumstances of the cause. Barely ill, he immediately began to drink tea with honey.
- Circumstance conditions. Knowing the director well, you can solve any production issue.
- The circumstances of the assignment. Even angry, she did not raise her voice.
- Modus operandi. He ran, rapidly gaining speed .
Formation of imperfections
There are three methods for the formation of participles from imperfective verbs.
Using the suffixes " -i " or " -is ":
- to be aware - aware;
- to break - breaking;
- reading - reading;
- trying - trying;
- laughing - laughing;
- getting ready - getting ready.
Using the suffix " -a ":
- shouting - shouting;
- crying - crying;
- hold - hold.
And a rarer way of forming participles - by the suffixes " -uchi " and "- uchi ":
- to be - being;
- go - go;
- to go - go;
- pity - pity;
- plays - playfully.
The participles of the following imperfective verbs are not formed:
- with the basis of the letters "k" and "g " - flow, run ;
- with a basis that consists only of consonants - weave, pour, live, reap and others (the participle rushing from the verb to rush is an exception);
- with the basis for the letters "st", "s", "z", "x" in an indefinite form and for the hissing letter in the present tense: plow - plow; to smear - smear; to whip - whip; write - write ;
- with the suffix "- well ": freeze, peep, pull, spit out, stick out ;
- from verbs: tear, want, sing, ride, climb .
The formation of adverbial perfect
From verbs of a perfect form, the most common way of forming participles is suffixal.
Using the suffix " -to ":
- released - lowered;
- washed - washed;
- painted - painted;
- returned - returned.
Using the suffixes " -shi " and " -shish ":
- wiped - wiped;
- brought - brought;
- thought - thinking;
- expire - expired;
- flashed - flashed .
Using the suffixes "- lice " and "- lice ":
- smiled - smiled;
- washed - washing;
- laughed - laughing;
- returned - having returned .
Less often, from the verbs of the first conjugation with the basics of consonants, the suffixes “ –i ” and “ –a ” become the method of forming participles:
- read - read
- take - take - take;
- lead away - led away - gone away;
- screaming - screaming .
Equivalent parallel forms of participles from verbs with the suffixes " -ere " and " -well " can be formed:
- lock - locks / lock;
- dried up - dried up / dried up,
- chill - chill / chill .
The formation of participles with the help of consoles
There are a number of verbs that cannot form the participles by suffixes, in this case the Russian language finds an original way of forming the participles - the prefix.
And although the prefixes slightly change the meaning of the verb, but still they allow you to create from it a full, beautiful gerunch. Examples:
- rot - rotting;
- sing - singing;
- call - calling / calling;
- to tear - tearing apart;
- to go - by traveling;
- to run - running;
- climb - climbing .
Errors in the formation of participles
In written texts and in oral speech, there are unlawful, illiterate methods of forming participles, which are most often caused by the incorrect use of suffixes with verbs of various kinds. To avoid such mistakes, it is enough to determine the type of the verb by asking a question to it and remember what suffixes form the participles with this type.
Here is an example of the misuse of participle in a sentence:
- Having worked the most during the year, he still did not advance at all.
From the verb " to work " (imperfect form), the participle cannot be formed by the suffix " -v ", here the suffix "-i" is needed. That is, a competent version of the proposal looks like this:
- Working the most during the year, he still did not advance at all .
Another example:
- Having painted the fence, they went to the river to bathe and wash .
From the perfect form verb “ paint ”, you cannot form a participle with the suffix “ -I ”, in this case only the suffix “ -B ” is acceptable:
- Having painted the fence, they went to the river to swim and wash .