The fuel and energy complex of Russia is a combination of various industries that are engaged in the extraction of critical resources. Enterprises carrying out work in this area also carry out their processing, transformation and delivery to consumers.
Value
The field of activity under consideration acts as a powerful base for the functioning of absolutely all sectors of the national economy. The pace at which the development of the fuel and energy complex is affecting economic indicators and the scale of social production. This is due to the fact that the area in question at all times determined the degree of scientific and technological progress.
Characteristics of the fuel and energy complex
This field of activity is presented in the form of a complex system. It includes oil, shale, coal, gas, nuclear, peat, electricity. It includes a powerful production infrastructure in the form of trunk lines, pipelines that make up a single network. The fuel and energy complex of Russia is considered one of the most ambitious areas of management. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total cost of fixed assets for production activities and capital investments in industry. The fuel and energy complex uses up to 2/3 of the produced pipes, a huge volume of engineering products.
Balance
It underlies the activities of the fuel and energy complex. This is the ratio of the extraction of resources and their production to their use. Existing stocks in a country are measured in arbitrary units. This indicator should be understood as a unit of coal (Donetsk), which produces 7000 kcal of heat. The most high-calorie resource is oil. She allocates 10 thousand kcal. Behind the oil is combustible gas with an indicator of 8 thousand kcal. Calorific value of peat - 3 thousand kcal.
Historical reference
Until the 90s. of the last century, fuel and energy complex expanded at an accelerated pace. From 1941 to 1989, the extraction of resources was 11 times increased. At the same time, energy production increased 34 times. In 1989, production amounted to 2.3 billion tons of mineral resources. This indicator was equal to 20% of the world quantity. Also in 1989, an energy output of 1,722 billion kW / h was generated. But since the beginning of the 90s, the sectors of the fuel and energy complex began to experience a crisis. One of the main reasons for the decline was the depletion and development of large deposits, a decrease in coal and oil production. In addition, crisis phenomena directly in the country's economy itself were of no small importance.
Restructuring
The fuel and energy complex is a complex system. When a crisis occurs, it is not so easy to restore the existing balance. To return to the previous advanced level, it is necessary to implement an energy-saving policy and introduce changes in the balance sheet. The most important areas of restructuring of the consumption structure are mainly the replacement of organic resources by other carriers. These include nuclear and hydropower, solid and liquid fuels. In addition, the expansion of new sources is necessary.
Fuel industry
It is presented as a set of directions for the extraction of all types of resources and their processing. In terms of reserves, the CIS is considered the only association of states from large industrial countries in the world, which is fully provided with all fuel and energy resources and carries out their large export. The leading role in this is assigned to Russia. The total resources of the country - 6183 billion tons of conventional units. 57% of the world's coal reserves, over 25% of natural gas, more than 60% of peat, more than 50% of shale, and 12% of water resources are concentrated in the state. Coal prevails. It accounts for about 9/10 of all deposits.
Coal industry
It is considered the leading sector of the fuel and energy complex. This is due to the fact that the volume of resources significantly exceeds all other areas. In addition, a significant amount of labor is concentrated in the coal industry . The cost of production assets is also significantly higher than in other sectors. Cumulative geological reserves amount to 6806 billion tons, of which balance reserves are 419 billion. Coking species account for more than 1/10 of the coal mined in the country. Their main reserves are located in the Pechora, South Yakutsk, Kuzbass and other basins. About 75% of the resources are in the Tunguska (2299 billion tons), Lensky (more than 1600 billion tons), Kansk-Achinsky (over 600 billion) basins and Kuzbass (600 billion tons).
Oil production
The country's reserves are about 150 billion tons. At present, the European and West Siberian basins are explored by 65-70%, and the East Siberian and Far Eastern basins by 6-8%. Sea shelves are only 1% studied. Such low rates are due to the inaccessibility of areas, the complexity of climatic conditions. However, it is precisely in them that 46% of prospective and almost 60% of forecast oil reserves are concentrated. The main supplier today is Western Siberia. About 2/3 of domestic oil is produced in the Middle Ob region. The next large area is considered the Volga-Ural. Shelves of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Barents Sea are considered promising deposits.
Gas industry
This sector of the fuel and energy complex began to expand in the 50s of the last century. It includes the production of natural and associated gas, as well as the production of coke oven gas in factories. The volume of potential reserves is estimated at 80-85 trillion m 3 , explored - at 34.3 trillion. The European part accounts for only 12%, the eastern - 88%. The prospects for improving the gas industry today are associated with the development of deposits located on the Yamal Peninsula.
Electricity
Electricity is presented as an integrated industry. It consists of several areas that produce and transfer resources to consumers. It is considered a key sector of the fuel and energy complex. This is because this area ensures the functioning of the entire national economy. It determines the level of NTP. Electricity, among other things, acts as the most important factor in the territorial organization of national economic activity. Russia ranks second in the world in the production of electricity. The main share of the energy produced goes to industry - about 60%, 9% is consumed by agriculture, 9.7% is transport. The remaining consumers delivered 13.5%.
nuclear power station
Nuclear power plants today are considered the most promising power generation facilities. Currently, 9 nuclear power plants are operating in the country. The stations use transportable fuel. These facilities are aimed at consumers located in areas with a tense balance, with limited mineral resources. Nuclear power is one of the high-tech industries. NPPs are considered to be the most environmentally friendly sources, subject to their reliable design and competent operation. The functioning of these facilities does not lead to the appearance of a "greenhouse effect", which appears as a result of the massive use of organic resources. But in case of violation of the operation of nuclear power plants are the most dangerous in environmental terms. The share of total production in the country is 12%. The total capacity of existing stations is 20.2 million kW.