Types of speech in psychology: characteristics, classification, diagram, table

One of the greatest achievements of mankind is speech. This is a unique phenomenon that only people can fully absorb. With this tool, people think, communicate with each other, express their feelings. In ancient Greece, a person was spoken of as a "talking animal," but there is a very significant difference. After all, people not only build a sound system of signals that convey their feelings and thoughts, but also describe the whole world around them. Types of speech in psychology are classified and are divided into several groups.

Basic Speech Forms

Languages ​​that are used around the world have one basis - that is speech. It is quite multifaceted and has many forms. But all the main types of speech in psychology are divided into two groups: 1) oral; 2) written. But they are not something opposite to each other, but are closely intertwined. Their main similarity is the sound system on which they are both based. Almost all languages, except hieroglyphic, consider writing as a kind of oral transmission. Thus, we can draw an analogy with music. Any performer, looking at the notes, over and over again perceives the melody that the composer wanted to convey, and if there are changes, they are insignificant. So the reader reproduces the phrase or word that is recorded on paper, while each time voicing an almost identical scale.

Dialogue or conversation

Each time, while talking, a person uses the initial form of speech - oral. Characterization of types of speech in psychology calls it dialogic or conversational. Its main feature is the active support of the other side, that is, the interlocutor. For its existence, there must be at least two people who communicate using phrases and simple turns of language. From the point of view of psychology, this type of speech is the simplest. A detailed exposition is not required here, since the interlocutors in the process of dialogue understand each other well, and it will not be difficult for them to mentally complete the phrase that another person uttered. Types of speech in psychology are very diverse, but the dialogue is different in that everything said is clear precisely in the context of this situation. Here, verbosity is unnecessary, because each phrase replaces many sentences.

Monologue speech

Types of speech in psychology are quite well disclosed, and one of them is monological. It differs from conversational in that only one person takes a direct part in it. The rest are passive listeners who simply perceive it, but do not take part. Often this type of speech is used by speakers, public figures or teachers. It is believed that a monologue is much more complicated than a dialogical conversation, because the speaker must have a number of skills. He must coherently and consistently build his narrative, clearly explain difficult moments, and all language norms must be observed . He also needs to choose exactly the means and methods that will be available to a particular audience, he must take into account the psychological mood of the audience. And, most importantly, you need to be able to control yourself in any situation.

Active form of speech

The types of language and speech in psychology are also divided in relation to the one who speaks, and to the one who perceives. On this basis, passive and active speech are divided. The latter helps a person to express his thoughts, sharing his experiences with others. There are special speech mechanisms that regulate and control active speech. They are located in the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, namely in its frontal part. This is a very important area, because if you damage it, then the person simply will not be able to talk. In speech therapy, this violation is called "motor aphasia."

Passive form

Active and passive types of speech in psychology are considered inseparable. It is difficult to speak briefly about them, because this is a very extensive topic. It is believed that the child first masters the passive speech. That is, he first tries to understand the people around him. To do this, he carefully listens to them and first remembers a small word, and then phrases. This helps him to say the first words and develop in this direction. Therefore, passive speech is the one we perceive. But this name is conditional, since many complex processes also occur during the hearing. Each word directed at us, we pronounce “to ourselves,” we ponder it, although there are no external signs of such activity. But there are exceptions, because not everyone listens the same way: some catch every word, and someone does not even understand the essence of the conversation. These types of speech in psychology are described as dependent on the individual characteristics of a particular person. Some perfectly both actively speak and passively perceive, some find it difficult to give these two processes, while others dominate one of them.

Letter

As mentioned above, the main classification of types of speech in psychology divides it into oral and written. The main difference of the second is that it has a material medium (paper, computer screen, etc.). Although these are related concepts, there are significant differences between these methods of communication. Written speech is presented entirely to those who perceive it. In oral speech, words are spoken one after another and the previous word can no longer be perceived somehow, it has already melted in the air. Written from an oral story is also different in that the reader has the opportunity to return to one or another part of the written, jump over several parts and immediately find out the outcome of the action. This gives some advantage to this kind of speech. For example, if the listening person is poorly versed in the perceived topic, then it will be much better for him to read the necessary data several times in order to delve deeper into them. Writing is also very convenient for someone who expresses his thoughts on paper. He can at any time correct what he does not like, build a certain structure of the text, without repeating it. It can also be designed more beautifully from an aesthetic point of view. But all this requires more effort from the author, he must think through the construction of each phrase, write it correctly, while setting out the idea as accurately as possible, without unnecessary “water”. You can conduct a simple experiment that will help to understand the difference that these types of speech carry in psychology. The outline of this experiment is very simple. You need to take a voice recorder and record the speech of different people during the day. Then it needs to be written down on paper. Every small mistake that is not perceived by ear, on paper will be simply terrifying. Oral speech, in addition to the words themselves, uses many more tools that help convey the whole meaning of the spoken phrase. These include intonation, facial expressions and gestures. And in a written speech, you need to express everything and not use the above funds.

Kinetic speech

At a time when people had not yet learned to speak, kinetic speech was the only means of communication. But now we have kept only small pieces of such a conversation. This is an emotional accompaniment of the language, namely gestures. They give expressiveness to everything said, help the speaker to tune the audience in the right way. But in our time there is a large group of people who use kinetic speech as the main one. These are people who have problems with hearing and speech devices, that is, deaf and dumb. They are divided into those who were born with pathology, and those who have lost the ability to hear and speak due to an accident or illness. But they all speak sign language, and this is the norm for them. This speech is more developed than that of an ancient person, and the sign system is more advanced.

Inner speech

The conscious activity of any person is based on thinking, it, in turn, refers to inner speech. Animals also have the rudiments of thinking and consciousness, but it is inner speech that allows a person to have unprecedented intelligence and abilities, which are a mystery to animals. As mentioned above, a person repeats every word heard in his head, that is, reverbs. And this concept is very closely connected with internal speech, because it can instantly go into it. The dialogue of a person with himself is actually an internal speech. He can prove something to himself and inspire, convince in something, support and encourage no worse than others.

Speech functions

All types of speech in psychology have their functions. The table of functionality of each of them can more clearly reveal all their facets.

Thus, human speech has many forms, and each of them is simply indispensable for building proper communication.