As the great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once said, "everything is known by comparison." And indeed, humanity has a huge range of goods and services. People compete with each other, choose their friends and partners for family life. Thus, mentally, we constantly compare something with each other. And to express this verbally and in writing, we use those independent parts of speech that indicate the signs of objects, other signs or actions. For this, there are degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives, the rules of formation of which we will consider in this article.
Morphology
An adverb is an independent part of speech that can indicate a sign of action (run like? - quickly; read how? - carefully), a sign of a sign (lit like? - bright; strong how? - very), and in rare cases, in combination with near certain nouns, a sign of an object (still a child, reading aloud). In sentences, they are often located next to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, acting as circumstances, and if they relate to a noun, then definitions. The degrees of comparison of adverbs express the difference or ratio of several actions or several signs, highlighting one of two or one of all. And since, according to the rules of education and application in a sentence, they are very similar to adjectives, remembering them will not be difficult.
What words can be used
The degree of comparison of adverbs can be formed only from those representatives of this part of speech that are both qualitatively definitive, that is, they express the quality of a sign or action. For example: to go fast, fight courageously, love dearly, a sparkling bright lantern. To understand this faster, you can remember a simple trick: the degree of comparison is formed only from those adverbs that can conditionally be turned into adjectives. Fast - fast, courageous - courageous, affectionate - gentle, brightly bright, etc. With other adverbs of time (always, until late), places (far, ahead), reasons (involuntarily, rage), goals (mocking, deliberately ), measures and degrees (a lot, a little bit), of the way of action (walking, from the bottom) to do so is clearly impossible. This happens because only high-quality adverbs were formed from a similar
category of adjectives by removing the ending and adding the suffix "-o".
Note
This also implies the danger of erring in determining the part of speech. Namely,
short forms of adjectives are easily confused with high-quality adverbs. For example, let's take two simple sentences: “She is joking funny” and “Yes, this is funny”. In the first case, an adverb is implied, since it refers to a verb (predicate), indicates a sign of this action, therefore, answers the question “how?” and is a circumstance. In the second sentence, the word “high” is a short form of the adjective, it depends on the pronoun (subject), expresses the property of the subject, answers the question “what?” and is emphasized as a predicate. Therefore, in order to distinguish between these two parts of speech in a sentence, it is necessary to make the above analysis of the problem word, and then everything will become clear.
How to form a comparative form of an adverb
There is another possibility of mistaken confusion. The problem is that the comparative form of the degree of comparison of adverbs is formed in the same way as adjectives, that is, by adding the suffixes "-e, -e, -e, -che, -he" to the root, sometimes this is cut off or the last letters are replaced, and in some cases the whole word is modified. For example, "far - further, close - closer, beautiful - more beautiful / prettier / more beautiful, good - better, small - less." Thus, a simple (synthetic) form of the degree of comparison of adverbs is formed, the table will include it at the bottom of the first column, and it is it that is identical to the adjectives in the text. Again, take for example two sentences: "He jumped higher" and "This boy is higher." Analysis is also needed here: for example, in the first case this adverb refers to the predicate, means a sign of action, answers the question “how?”, And in the second example - an adjective. Another form of the degree of comparison (composite / analytical) in these parts of speech is different, although it is formed identically, by adding the auxiliary word “more” or “less”. For example, “higher” and “less close” in adjectives, “higher” and “less close” in adverbs.
How to form an excellent shape
Adverbs to a comparative degree express that for a given action / attribute the designated word is more characteristic than for another. In addition, there is another form, which is called "excellent." She distinguishes this action / attribute from all, expressing it in the highest degree of comparison of adverbs, and is formed by adding the auxiliary word "all" (compound) or the suffixes "yes, yes" (simple). The latter is characteristic only for certain words, mainly obsolete (most obediently, the lowest), and therefore it is practically not indicated in directories on the Russian language. But on the other hand, a composite form of the degree of comparison of adverbs is used. You can think of exercises and examples with it from any words: to jump above everyone, to be below everyone, to go farthest than anyone, to perform better than anyone, etc.