Many of us remember from the school curriculum what the sacrament is perfect and imperfect. However, this knowledge is worth repeating. Consider this issue in this article and give examples of such germs. So.
The sacrament is perfect and imperfect. Definition of a concept
As you know, the participle is a part of speech, which is in close connection with the verb forms. The participles from the participles take place. As a matter of fact, linguists believe that participles were formed from short participles, which lost such categories as case, number and gender in the process of language development. And turned into immutable forms.
Therefore, we should note that the germs of a perfect and imperfect form are part of speech that comes from verbs and is used in a specific form (for example, loving, arriving, later) or ending in “chi” (being, traveling, sneaking). It is believed that the “chi” format supplanted the older “che”, apparently, under the influence of the masculine plural ending.
Let us consider in more detail the germs of a perfect and imperfect form, a table of which is present in the famous Russian language textbook edited by D.E. Rosenthal.
How to determine the view?
In this case, the type of germs is determined by the question that can be asked to him. “What are you doing?” - "Improving the craft" - an imperfect appearance. "What have you done?" - “Having reached the border” - a perfect view.
Consider this in the form of a table:
| Perfect view | what having done? |
| Imperfect species | what doing |
We found that the germs of a perfect and imperfect kind have different meanings. But, in order.
Imperfections are imperfect
So. The participle (type of imperfect), depending on the situation, expresses different meanings.
Circumstances: an adverb of this kind can be used in circumstantial meaning, and in this case it answers the question “how?”. In such cases, it can be replaced by the adverb: "I wandered under the green trees, rejoicing in something."
Temporary meaning: when the participle is used in a temporary meaning, it expresses the simultaneity of actions expressed by the participle and the verb. In this case, simultaneity can be full or partial.
Causal meaning: in this case, the participle answers the question “why?” or "why?" But a temporary meaning is also present: "Poorly knowing these people, he did not want to meet with them."
Conditional meaning: germs of this kind in this case can be replaced by the “if” and “if” unions. But, it should be noted that the temporary value is also expressed in these cases: "When working in his specialty, he will never get tired."
Conceiving significance: in such cases germs of this kind can be replaced by unions. Despite the fact that time is also expressed in the form of gerimony: "Working not in her specialty, she had no problems." Nothing complicated. And thus, we see that the germs of a perfect and imperfect kind differ from each other.
Values of the participle of the perfect form
The next moment. The perfect participle, depending on the situation, is used in different meanings.
Circumstances: the germs of this kind indicate the circumstance of the action and at the same time bears a temporary value (indicates the end of the action). Those. indicates the end of one action and the condition for the occurrence of another, expressed by the verb: "Having finished his work, Paul wrote a note to his mother and went to the cinema."
Temporary meaning: the participle of this type expresses the sequence of actions. Those. one action ends and another begins. "Having learned that Natasha was ill, Nikolai immediately called her."
Causal meaning: participle in sentences that express causal meaning, as if combining temporal and causal meaning. For example: "Having doubts about his knowledge, he went to the library to see some literature."
We see that the participles of a perfect and imperfect kind have different ways of usage. In fact, everything is very simple.
Undefined participles
There is another kind of similar parts of speech. He is not studied at school, but an experienced linguist will always talk about this group. The participles of a perfect and imperfect kind exist. But parts of speech of an indefinite form are also presented.
It is worth noting that there are cases that, in terms of meaning, cannot be included in the framework of the described options. Probably, a new category is needed to describe them. There are a lot of such examples, we give only a few.
"They wrote the text without making a single mistake."
"The girl sang and laughed, forgetting about her resentment and tears."
"The nurse entered the room and spoke loudly, not paying attention to the fact that some patients were sleeping in the room."
Thus, we examined the germs of a perfect and imperfect kind, examples of which are given above. However, they pointed to a special indefinite form.