Currently, people use a large number of the most diverse techniques. This type of equipment, like excavators, is now very popular. Since it significantly speeds up earthworks and not only. The classification of excavators is quite extensive and worth considering.
general information
Naturally, first of all, classification is carried out depending on the power of the units, as well as their purpose. There are a number of machines that carry out all the necessary operations in order, and then repeat them at regular intervals. Such equipment refers to discontinuous (cyclic) machines. The general classification of excavators includes another group of devices. But already continuous operation. In turn, cyclic excavators are single-bucket, and continuous excavators are multi-bucket, scraper, milling.
Further, it is worth noting that single bucket and multi bucket models can be both land or floating. Classification of excavators includes the division of land machines by the method of their movement. So, caterpillar, pneumatic, rail and walking cars are distinguished.
Different classification
As mentioned above, such a tool may have a different chassis. In addition to the above, it can also be a tractor, use a special or combined chassis, or a car ride. As for the principle of operation, here the classification of excavators includes another type, except for cyclical and continuous ones - these are vacuum and vacuum-suction. As for their operational purpose, in this case, the division into classes is carried out as follows.
There is a group of machines for mine work, that is, for working underground. There is a category of universal construction units. In addition to these two types, the classification of excavators also includes quarry and overburden types.
At the moment, it is customary to distinguish several groups of this transport by their power unit. In this case, excavators can have an internal combustion engine, usually a diesel type, an electric engine, as well as steam engines. Although it is fair to say that the latter type has been used for a long time and is now practically not used.
Single bucket models. What are they?
If we talk about the classification of single-bucket excavators, then we can distinguish several main features by which they are divided into different groups:
- The ability to rotate the working body around the supporting surface.
- By the type of chassis used for movement.
- Type of power unit used.
- Type of mechanical transmission (drive for the working body).
By itself, a single-bucket excavator is a cyclic digging machine that is designed to develop, that is, dig, move and load the soil. As a working body for such units, a movable bucket acts, which can have a different volume. It is fixed either on the arrow, or on the handle or ropes. The classification of bucket-wheel excavators is one of the most extensive, as they are the most common. They were widely used in the field of construction, as well as in mining.
Rotation Classification
In this case, the equipment may be full or half turn. In the first case, details such as all working equipment, the driver’s cab, working body and engine are mounted on a special rotary platform, which in turn is mounted on the chassis. The fastening takes place with the help of a special slewing ring device or just an OPU. The chassis gets the opportunity to rotate relative to this device in any direction and at any angle.
Since the purpose and classification of excavators are related, that is, the type of the selected machine depends on their purpose, in some cases it selects a part-turn assembly. In this case, the working equipment of the machine will be fixed to the chassis using a special swivel column. The column itself is attached to special transverse guides. This design allows you to move the column and the equipment installed on it from left to right. At the same time, there is the possibility of subsequent fixation, so that it is convenient to position the bucket in the right place. For such excavators, the working body can rotate at an angle of 45-90 degrees from its original position.
Tractor mounted excavator
The first option is mounted on tractors. In this case, a tractor, usually a wheeled one, is used as the main chassis. All excavator equipment is mounted behind or on the side of the tractor (much less often). For this, the vehicle has a special frame. The most common model is work equipment mounted on a class 1.4 tractor. The bucket volume in it is from 0.2 to 0.5 m 3 .
Other chassis types
In some cases, a truck may be used as the main chassis. Usually these are models with increased cross-country ability. They are distinguished by a sufficiently high speed of movement, which distinguishes them from other models. Most often they are used in areas where high mobility is required. It can be rescue operations, the military industry, sometimes during the construction of roads or during the cleaning of rubble.
Pneumatic wheel excavators have their own special type of chassis, which relies on wheels with pneumatic tires. Typically, such models belong to a full-turning class. The speed of movement on such a chassis is not more than 30 km / h, however, they can be towed by trucks at a speed of up to 40 km / h. As for the bucket volumes, in this case the range of indicators is quite wide from small (0.04 m 3 ) to heavy models with a volume of 1.5 m 3 .
Tracked models are very common. Such machines have a specific chassis, which is made in the form of tracks and has a caterpillar mover. Such models are fully rotatable, and also have high traffic, thanks to a specific chassis. However, the speed of movement of such equipment is extremely low and amounts to only 2-15 km / h. Usually special tractors with trailers are used for their transportation. If we talk about the characteristics of the bucket, then the range also starts from 0.04 m 3 and can reach the volume of quarry equipment, that is, 10 m 3 .
In addition to the listed types, railway, floating or walking methods of transportation are also used. Floating excavators are installed on pontoons, while railway excavators use the railway as a chassis. And walking people have a special plate to which paws used to move are attached.
Shovel classification
In this case, it is important to note the following several groups. Firstly, the division into different groups is carried out depending on the direction of movement of the cutting edge of the bucket. On this basis, excavators of radial, transverse and longitudinal digging are distinguished. As in the case of single bucket, bucket are divided into groups according to the design of the working body, the type of chassis and more.
Detailed description of different types of equipment
The classification of continuous excavators begins with the direction of movement of the cutting edge of their bucket.
If we talk about machines with longitudinal digging, then the movement of the cutting edge of their bucket will coincide with the direction of their movement. Usually used only for the development of narrow trenches.
For units with a transverse type of digging, buckets move perpendicular to the movement of the machine itself. Commonly used for digging pits during mining.
Radial digging excavators are very different from the first two types, because their bucket movement is due to the rotational rotation of the telescopic boom. In this case, it is worth saying that this category is divided into two small subgroups, depending on how the buckets are attached to the boom. It can be chain or rotary models.
Separation by other characteristics
The classification of bucket wheel excavators includes two types of machines. In the first group, the working elements will be placed along the rim of the rotor, in the second group - on the side surface of the rotor. In any case, the buckets will be mounted on a rigid rotor, and soil can be shipped both from the buckets themselves and using a special conveyor.
For chain models, buckets are attached to an endless chain or chains. As for the shipment, it is carried out from the buckets themselves, and the shape of the guide chain will determine the digging profile.
As for the classification according to the type of chassis used, they can only be on a tracked track or on air wheels. If we talk about the classification of the drives, then the machines can be with a mechanical, hydraulic, electric or combined type.
Career models of units
The classification of mining excavators to this day remains relevant for study, since minerals are still predominantly mined open-pit, which means that such equipment remains in demand. By themselves, such machines differ from the rest in much larger dimensions and dimensions of the bucket, as they are designed to work with huge volumes of soil.
- The usual quarry excavator is an ECG. In this case, it means that the equipment is mounted on tracks, and its bucket is mounted on a rope.
- Type of machine EG. As for the type of chassis, it is also tracked, but instead of a rope, a hydraulic system is used to raise the bucket.
- EGO - a mining excavator with a mounted reverse shovel.
- EDG is the latest type of mining technology. The crawler type of chassis is used, and dragline acts as a mounted working body.
Technological parameters
The classification of excavators and their technological characteristics is important to consider, since this will directly affect the amount of work performed. Naturally, for the equipment under study, the bucket volume will be the most important technological characteristic. For the largest, this figure can reach 50 m 3 . In addition, for example, for career models, the length of the boom will play an important role. The larger this figure, the deeper the career can be, and therefore, for some models, the boom length reaches 55 meters.
Other key features can be seen in career models.
The speed of movement for some types plays an important role. Career models move at a speed of 2.5 km / h and this is the fastest. Next, the width of the tracks will be an important parameter. For quarries, the highest rate is 24 meters. The work cycle affects the speed of all work, and therefore it is quite important. The shortest cycle for mining excavators is 50 seconds. For urban models, the pressure exerted on the ground will be an important indicator. Mining excavators press on the ground with a force of up to 0.42 MPa.
As you can see, the topic is quite complicated. But you can still figure it out.