Sprinkling is one of the most common irrigation methods. Its use is impossible without the use of a special unit. Such an irrigation system sprays water, directing water droplets to the soil and to plants. This allows you to irrigate areas with complex terrain, having water-permeable soils, as well as those located in the zone of unstable moisture.
This process can be compared to natural rain. But only with one that has a small intensity, but is time-consuming. At the same time, irrigation with a sprinkler allows you to create the most favorable conditions for the growth of crops.
Advantage of Irrigation Units
The considered method of irrigation is the most promising and effective. Compared to surface irrigation, it has a number of advantages. They consist of:
- full mechanization of work;
- the possibility of more precise adjustment of the irrigation rate, which is set over a wide range;
- the ability to moisten a site with a large slope or complex microrelief.
Water abstraction during irrigation irrigation is possible from various sources. This can be an open or closed canal, as well as a city water supply system. When using irrigation machines and irrigation systems, work aimed at performing irrigation and hatcher furrows is excluded, and the conditions for mechanized care of crops (their sowing, processing and subsequent harvesting) are improved. The planned crop is obtained in this case at a lower cost of water, if we compare this process with surface irrigation. Moisture savings range from 15 to 30 percent. At the same time as irrigation, necessary fertilizers can be applied to the soil.
Sprinkling Disadvantages
The use of machines and installations for irrigation of the soil has some disadvantages. First of all, it requires high costs of metal, which is necessary for the manufacture of units and pipes. In addition, the sprinkling process has a high energy intensity. Irrigation machines, depending on power, consume from 40 to 100 kW per hour.
Of the shortcomings of sprinkling emit:
- uneven irrigation in the wind;
- the inability to deeply moisten dense soils;
- the inappropriateness of application in conditions of heavy soils in dry and hot climates.
The concept of sprinklers and machines
What irrigation technique is this type of? Under sprinkler installations mean devices that consist of light portable collapsible pipelines. There are also special nozzles for creating drops.
Sprinkling machines are such installations that are equipped with their own means of mechanized movement. Similar equipment can be mounted on a tractor. Some modifications of sprinkler machines move around the irrigation area on their supports. Irrigation plants are portable.
Water Flow Classification
What are sprinklers and machines? By the nature of the transformation of water jets into rain, they are divided into two groups - fan, and also jet. The first of these creates a wide stream. It looks like a thin film in the form of a fan. Encountering air resistance on its way, this stream breaks up into small drops. The resulting rain is stationary relative to the installation or machine, while irrigating the entire area that is adjacent to the position of the unit. Fan devices are distinguished by the simplicity of the device.
Water exits the jet irrigation system in the form of axisymmetric flows. Encountering air resistance during their movement, they break up into drops. This type of aggregates allows irrigating the adjacent territory in the form of a sector. In order to moisten the area in a circle, an angular (rotational) movement is attached to such a flow using rotary devices.
Inkjet devices, in turn, are divided into long-, short- and medium-jet. The first of them are the most productive. However, their disadvantage is that they break up water into larger droplets than short-jet devices. Intensive streams of artificial rain lead to the rapid formation of runoff and puddles.
Medium-jet plants produce water flows from 0.1 to 0.22 mm per minute. This indicator can be reduced to the level of 0.05-0.06 mm per minute. Moreover, such devices make it possible to obtain droplets with a small diameter. Due to this, such installations are used in areas with large irrigation rates.
In order to increase the capture area, as well as reduce the average rain intensity, pulsed aggregates with elongated trunks are used.
Functional classification
What other types of irrigation plants for irrigation of fields are divided into? By their principle of action, they are divided into positional, as well as working in motion. The first of them are a distribution and distribution pipe with hydrants, as well as with two wings equipped with short-jet nozzles or medium-jet devices.
Positional short-blasting machines in their design are represented by a double-console sprinkler farm, which is mounted on a self-propelled caterpillar tower. The bottom edge of the unit is a water pipe. Its outer end is connected to the hydrant. On the pipe there are openers with nozzles.
Such a stationary sprinkler allows almost completely automating the process of soil moisture. Indeed, in this case, the unit is on the site for the entire watering season. The position sprinkler is powered, as a rule, from one device. They can be, for example, a pump that draws water from a nearby reservoir, water supply, etc. The negative side of stationary installations is their low utilization rate over a period of time. To carry out calculations of stationary sprinkler installations, it will be necessary to know their productivity, jet throw range, and also the size of the irrigated area.
There is also such a type of sprinkler installation as semi-stationary. It is a mobile semi-automatic units designed for hose irrigation.
Mobile sprinklers are considered more maneuverable. However, their maintenance requires specially assigned personnel.
Key working details
Sprinklers and machines consist of:
- nozzles (sprinklers) used in short-blast aggregates, while the range of the droplets is not more than 5-8 m;
- sprinkler devices used in medium-jet devices (create a range of droplets at a distance of 15-35 m), as well as long-range (40-80 m).
No rotating parts are provided in the nozzles. Moreover, these elements are deflector, half, slotted, and also centrifugal.
The most common is the first type of nozzles. In sprinklers and the machines where they are installed, water is crushed when it hits a cone (deflector). If the pressure is small, then the unit creates uniform rain, the diameter of the drops of which is in the range from 1 to 1.5 mm. The intensity of such irrigation is about 1 mm per minute.
Among the advantages of deflector nozzles, a small droplet size (from 0.9 to 1.1 mm) is distinguished. In addition, when using these elements, irrigation machines and irrigation systems require a small energy consumption. Among the disadvantages of the deflector nozzles, the heterogeneity of the droplets in size and the uneven distribution of the liquid over the area of the area are noted. Due to the high intensity of the created rain, the use of such elements in machines and plants of positional action is quite rare.
To obtain one-sided irrigation, half and slotted nozzles are used. The reflector of the first of them is made in the shape of a cone. It is welded to a bent plate that blocks 1/2 of the outlet. Crevice nozzles are obtained by cutting the pipe. The water flowing out of the obtained hole takes the form of a fan-shaped flat film. At the same time, it breaks up into drops less intensively than when using deflector nozzles. This leads to the fact that in the vicinity of the sprinkler device there is a wet zone.
The principle of operation of the centrifugal nozzle is to supply water through a tangential channel located in the housing of this part. As a result, the liquid actively swirls and is involved in a vortex motion. Near the exit from the central hole, an annular flow forms, in the center of which there is free space. A jet of water with a tangential velocity component breaks out in the form of a thin funnel-shaped film. Further, this flow of water meets with air resistance and, losing stability, breaks up into droplets.
In addition to nozzles in sprinklers there is one or several trunks, on the outlet openings of which there are nozzle tips. When watering, these parts rotate around its vertical axis. Departing from such a nozzle, the water jet acquires a speed equal to 20-30 meters per second, and breaks up into air, crushing into droplets.
The diameter of the nozzles, as well as the speed with which the apparatus will rotate, is calculated so that the area to be watered can be covered with a uniform layer of water, the diameter of the drops of which does not exceed 1.5-2.5 mm. It should be borne in mind that these indicators can be adjusted. To do this, nozzles of different diameters are installed on the sprinklers (for long-range ones, their sizes can range from 15 to 40 mm, and for medium-jet ones from 3 to 15 mm), and the pressure of the incoming liquid changes.
The main elements of the sprinkler include pump, engines and supporting structures.
Frigate field irrigation device
Sprinkling machines are produced in Pervomaisk, Mykolayiv region. Here at the Frigate plant a wide range of models is produced that fully satisfy the needs of agriculture, which is in need of inexpensive high-tech units. Devices manufactured by the enterprise have a mechanical principle of operation.
Frigate sprinklers are pressure pipelines. This design is mounted on supports and equipped with medium-jet apparatuses. The movement of the pipeline is carried out in a circle in the center of which is a stationary hydrant (from it water enters the machine). In self-propelled bearings, a hydraulic actuator is provided having a speed adjustment system. Automation is also located here, which ensures that the pipeline is straightforward. In just one revolution, the sprinkler is able to provide the necessary irrigation rate. The rotation of the unit is carried out using trolleys located at a distance of 25 and 30 meters. The source of energy for this movement is the water pressure that is created in the supply pipe. Through the valve, fluid enters the hydraulic cylinders. They drive the wheels thanks to a system of pushers and levers.
Such a sprinkler is operated by the operator. He sets her this or that speed of movement, which must correspond to the required rate of irrigation. Water is supplied to the machine from the pumping station, which can be stationary or mobile.
Based on the length of the irrigation period, the Frigate sprinkler can be used at two or more points. Moving a device from one position to another takes about 5-6 hours. Its towing is carried out by a tractor of class Z T.
The advantage of DM "Frigate" is its high degree of uniformity of the created rain. This is achieved through the use of a special constructive solution for sprinkler devices, their irrigation when moving in a circle and setting. Various modifications of spray nozzles contribute to the creation of uniformity and fine dispersion.
The device for irrigation of fields "Volzhanka"
This rain machine is used to moisten fields sown with grains, vegetables and melons, as well as industrial crops. It is also used for watering meadows and pastures.
Sprinkler Volzhanka is connected to stationary type irrigation networks or to a collapsible pipeline. The machine is operated at a distance between hydrants of 18, as well as 24 meters.
Use this unit in all areas of agriculture. At the same time, the slope of the irrigated area cannot exceed 0.02, and the wind speed should be within five meters per second.
Using the Volzhanka rain machine, it is possible to produce vegetative irrigation (with different norms), moisture recharge, presowing, etc.
The main technical characteristics of the unit are:
- positional method of irrigation;
- water supply from a closed irrigation system ;
- hydrant pressure up to 0.4 MPa;
- irrigation area from 1.44 to 19.92;
- the need for maintenance personnel (1 person);
- unit weight - 6200 kg.
Device for irrigation of fields "Valley"
These sprinklers are manufactured in the USA. The main advantage of such units is the high quality of irrigation and minimal water loss with maximum automation of the process. Manage a large number of such devices can only be one person whose workplace is located in the office. The design of American cars is created from fully galvanized parts. Moreover, it is very stable and powerful.
Such a system has a number of advantages. So, it is able to cover a large territory, as well as provide high flexibility of use, which is unlikely to allow other units to irrigate the fields. Such advantages make it possible to use Valley sprinklers for sugar beets and other crops. This solution significantly increases the production capacity of cultivated fields and many times increases for farmers the size of their net profit.
The following modifications of such DMs exist:
- Frontal type. This machine moves across the field and processes 98 percent of its surface.
- Expandable rain installations. They are set up to irrigate fields having different widths. In such units, a hose or channel is used to draw water.
- Universal type. These Valley Rain Machines are specially designed for circular movement. In this regard, farmers have an excellent opportunity to reduce the cost of funds per one hectare.
- Two-wheel installation of the frontal type. Such machines have remarkable flexibility in various operating modes. They move around the field and are able to make circular motions, irrigating irregular or L-shaped fields.
Drum type devices
Irrigation equipment of this type is fully consistent with its name. The drum sprinkler consists of a wheeled trolley on which a sprinkler or sprinkler is located, as well as the machine itself. On the last there is a drum. A plastic hose wraps around it
What is the principle of operation of sprinkler systems of drum type? A trolley connected to the machine with a polyethylene hose moves around the field while irrigating the soil. One of the main advantages of such units is their ability to quickly install. The machine is placed on the site of one edge of the field. The cart with the sprinkler is installed on the opposite side of it. After that, the machine connects to the pump, with the help of which it turns on.
The disadvantage of drum-type units is the loss of part of the water during operation. This is due to the high atomization of the liquid in the air, when some of the flow is blown away by the wind. Losses also occur due to evaporation. Despite this drawback, drum-type machines are often used to irrigate small fields, as well as irregularly shaped areas. The mobility and flexibility of these rain machines in such cases is the only optimal solution for preserving the crop during the hot season.
The calculation of the irrigation rate when using drum-type installations is made taking into account the speed of the trolley, as well as the volume of water that is supplied through the hose.
Devices for irrigation of fields UD-2500
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To make a homemade rain plant you will need:
- an aluminum tube with a diameter of 10 mm;
- clamps;
- two PVC tubes;
- drill;
- a hacksaw for metal.
In each of the PVC pipes, one hole with a diameter of 10 mm must be drilled. An aluminum tube is inserted into them. In this part, hacksaw (crosswise, vertical or inclined) are sawn through a metal with a hacksaw. Then, at one end of this aluminum tube, it is necessary to install a plug, and to connect the hose to the other, securing it with clamps.
Such a device allows you to easily change the direction of irrigation. To do this, just turn the metal tube.
You can use a similar sprinkler for the terrarium, which will maintain the necessary humidity level in it.