A sentence cannot exist without a grammatical basis, and without secondary members it can. However, in this case, the speech will sound very dry and contain insufficient information. It is to clarify the various details within the framework of one sentence that add-ons, definitions and numerous types of circumstances serve.
Minor members
Without a grammatical basis - subject and predicate - or at least one of them, a sentence cannot exist. Minor members are optional. They serve to clarify information within the framework of one complete syntactic unit; without them, the sentence is called non-distributed, and with them - widespread.
Each minor member performs its function, for example, an addition denotes an object of action, as opposed to a subject expressing the subject. The definition serves to clarify information on the grounds of objects or actors. It can also express side effects in addition to the main, expressed by the predicate. Circumstances can mean a huge amount of different information. As a rule, they relate to the main verb, that is, the predicate, and express the way it is performed, time, place, etc. Depending on the type of information, they distinguish between different types of circumstances. They should be considered in more detail.
Circumstances
As mentioned earlier, a large amount of information can relate to the main action expressed by the predicate. And more often than not, this information is expressed in circumstances that are indicated by a dot-dash underline. The exact function of a member can be determined by the semantic question, the analysis of the used prepositions and some other signs. Depending on these properties, the types of circumstances in Russian differ .
| A type | Questions | Prepositions | Examples |
| Time | when? s / until when? how long? | from, to, in / in, through, on the eve of to continue | stay until morning; come early |
| Places | Where? where to? where from? | from, from, for, about, between, nearby, around, in front of from under, through, through | live near the garden; leave the house |
| Way of action | as? how? | with, without, by | read with enthusiasm; fight without fear; live within our means |
| Causes | why? because of which? for what reason? | by, from, in view of, due, thanks due to | absent due to illness; suffer from hunger |
| Goals | what for? for what purpose? for what? | for, for, for, for, for | live for love; go mushroom |
| Measures | how long? how much? how many times? | - | call three times; leave forever |
| Degrees | as? in what degree? | - | I didn’t like it at all; very angry |
| Comparisons | as? | as if | sing like a nightingale; dance like a ballerina |
| Concessions | despite what? contrary to what? | despite, contrary to | came in spite of deeds; left against desire |
| Conditions | under what condition? | at | if you wish to visit |
Obviously, some types of circumstances are very similar, therefore, it is not always possible to accurately determine their type according to questions and pretexts. The most important and important thing is to learn to distinguish them according to the meaning that they carry.
Word order
In English sentences, as a rule, are arranged in accordance with a certain pattern. They adopted a direct word order, but in Russian it is free, and this is another problem that foreigners who decide to learn it face. Just as in mathematics the sum does not change from the change of place of the terms, almost in our speech almost all words can be changed with each other, keeping the meaning. Of course, in fact, this is not entirely true, but there are no exact criteria.
As a rule, definitions are put before the words to which they refer, but various types of circumstances can be found almost anywhere in the sentence. Although, for example, spatio-temporal types often gravitate toward the beginning of a phrase, and those that are directly related to the verb are located next to it.
Common circumstances
Usually this term refers to sentences, but its secondary members may also be. Sometimes they can even be isolated, including expressed as participles or comparative turns. Most often, these do not include the main types of circumstances, that is, time and place, but concessions, reasons, comparisons, etc. Also, phraseological units that will not be highlighted with commas can play this role. The examples are simple:
- Contrary to the predictions of weather forecasters , the weather turned bad.
- Being engaged in research , he spent the day and night at work.
- Her head was cut like a boy's .
- The work went like clockwork .
When analyzing, one should always be guided by common sense first, because sometimes the same turns can act as different members of a sentence (depending on the context).
About syntactic synonyms
Almost any turnover can be partially reduced and transformed into another form, for example, if there is no certainty about how to place punctuation marks in a complex sentence. The easiest way to take to simplify or complicate the various types of circumstances. Examples could be:
- I woke up when it dawned . - I woke up at dawn .
- We phoned before meeting . - We phoned before the meeting .
- He was absent due to being ill . - He was absent due to illness .
Thus, the same information can be expressed in various ways using more complex or simple forms.