How to write: negligent or cold, ship or ship, grows out or grows up? These questions arise for most people who have long graduated from a general educational institution, and for those who are still in the process of learning. As a rule, such confusion is connected with the fact that the stress on the vowel letter in the root of the named words does not fall.
Unstressed vowels are a sure way to misspell a letter. But if you study all the necessary rules, then you can easily create a competent text.
What is the difficulty?
In the Russian language there are quite a lot of expressions, when writing which there are different questions regarding their "correctness." So, all words that have a root unstressed vowel can be divided into 3 groups:
- unstressed vowel in the root, verified by the accent of the word;
- words that have alternating vowels in the root;
- words with an unverifiable unstressed vowel in the root.
To correctly write a letter, you should know how exactly the unstressed vowel is written in the root. The rule for such words does not exist, but several (for each case, a separate one). Let's consider them in more detail.
Unstressed vowel in the root, verified by accent
How to spell a word whose root is an unstressed vowel? We will answer this question right now. It is necessary to select a one-root test word for it, where the stress will fall on the same letter. After such a check, in the unstressed syllable of the root, you can safely put the same vowel that is in the stressed syllable.
Word examples
To make it more clear how to test unstressed vowels in the root in practice, we give a few examples:
- How to spell the word "wow ... dith". First you need to pick up test words. As them can act "move" or "departure". As you managed to notice, in these words the emphasis falls on “o”. That is why there should not be any doubt about how an unstressed syllable is written (“leave”).
- How to write the word "argum ... nt" correctly? It is also necessary for him to pick up a test word. For example, "argument". The stress in it falls on the e. Therefore, it will be correct to "argumnt".
Rule Features
An unstressed root vowel, verified by the accent of a word, is the simplest rule in spelling. However, difficulties may arise during such verification. After all, it is very important to choose the right test words, otherwise you can easily make a mistake.
So, consider the words "dedication" and "enlightenment." The test word for "initiation" is "holiness", so it should be written through the letter "I". The test word for "enlightenment" is "light." In this regard, it must be written through the letter "e".
Having examined these examples, we can safely conclude that the test words used should be cognate (that is, as close as possible in meaning).
What difficulties may arise?
Despite the fact that the rule “Unstressed vowel in the root, verified by accentuation of the word” is quite simple, it can still be difficult to use. What are they connected with? The fact is that when writing some words, it becomes difficult to find suitable test words for them.
Consider a few of them:
- submit - submissive;
- model - sample;
- comprehend - comprehend;
- an apology is innocent;
- shepherd - a stock or a pass;
- inexhaustible - to dry out;
- absorb - pharynx;
- to pile up - bulky;
- bare - naked;
- lined - line.
Note
The vowels “a” and “o” in the roots of perfect-form verbs should never be tested with imperfect-form verbs.
Here are some examples:
- Swallow - a sip. You cannot use the word "swallow".
- To be late is too late. You cannot use the word late.
- Flood - flood. The word “flood” cannot be used.
- Bifurcate - two. You cannot use the word “bifurcate”.
Using this rule in practice and paying attention to its features, you can correctly compose any text or letter.
Words that have alternating vowels at the root
The Russian language has a huge number of roots in which vowels alternate. Thus, in some words, these roots are written with one vowel, and in others with another. It should be noted that such expressions can be quite easily mistaken for those that need to be checked with the stressed syllable. In this regard, the list of such roots must be remembered. Moreover, the choice of a particular vowel may depend on the presence of the suffix -a in the words, on the meaning of the root, as well as on the stress or letter following it. Let us give an example of several such roots:
- -lag- - -lag-;
- -cos- - -cas-;
- -ber- - -bir-;
- -any- - -imy-;
- -even- - -read-;
- -mer- - -mir-;
- -my- - -min-;
- -mack- - -mock-;
- -der- - -deer-;
- -shine- - -shine-;
- - - - - - -;
- per- - -pir-;
- -stel- - -styl-;
- -ros- - -rast-, -rast-;
- - burn - - burn -;
- -cha- - -china-;
- -even- - -level-;
- -ter- - -tyr- and so on.
Words with an unverifiable unstressed root vowel
In some cases, the spelling of unstressed vowels is fundamentally not amenable to any of the presented rules. In such situations, teachers and teachers require them to simply be remembered. However, there are so many of them that memorizing these words is problematic. In this regard, it is recommended to write them on a separate piece of paper and use it when you encounter difficulties during the correct writing of the letter.
Imagine an incomplete list of words whose spelling you want to know by heart:
- avant-garde, adventure, agronomist, almanac, orange, appeal;
- balloon, crimson, chatting, den, unprecedented;
- vaccine, magnificent, option, vacancy, grand, lobby, vinaigrette, virtuoso, veteran, admiration, stained glass window;
- genius, herbarium, high school student, hypothesis, hypnosis, hot, horizon;
- diagnosis, director, expensive, document, road;
- railway, wish;
- interest tomorrow;
- dependent, ignore, informational, interest, incident, information;
- calendar, careerist, sway, comment, sociable, companion;
- cherish, azure, linguistic, purple;
- tangerine, metaphor, mechanics, miniature, milk;
- obsession, reluctance, adverb;
- preoccupied, bewitched, original, stunned;
- panorama, landscape, foam rubber, president, privilege, thunder;
- real, mode, review, decide;
- sympathy, dog, fight, stereotype, scholarship;
- hasty, solemn, traditional;
- tamp, honored, destroy;
- Philharmonic, philosophy, phraseological unit;
- character, characteristic;
- ceremony;
- human;
- masterpiece;
- exposure, element, experiment, label.