Before you start figuring out how to write certain prefixes in Russian, you need to learn how to distinguish them in words. So what is a prefix?
This is the part of the word that is located in front of the root. She gives the word a certain meaning. In Russian, most prefixes are descended from prepositions. Accordingly, they have the same meanings as prepositions. For example, run in (preposition c) - here the prefix gives the verb the meaning of movement directed inside the object. To highlight the prefix in a word, you must first determine its root. And in front of the root there will be a prefix.
Spelling of consoles in Russian is regulated by a number of rules. For clarity, we present these rules in the form of a table.
Consonants and vowels in consoles, except prefixes on -s, -s | Regardless of pronunciation, consonants and vowels in these consoles are always written the same in accordance with tradition. The spelling of prefixes of this type should be remembered. For example, prefixes under - , about - , about-, pre-, over-, over- and others (undermining, bypassing, upholstering, background, carrier, eyebrow). |
| Spelling of prefixes on z - , with - | It is written h - , if behind this prefix the root begins with a clear consonant or vowel sound. For example, take off, just play. | It is written with - , when after the prefix the root of the word begins with a deaf consonant. And also in the case when the prefix consists of one letter -s . For example, blurry, with a beat. |
| Spelling of prefixes pre - , with - | We write the prefix pre - in the following cases: - the prefix is close in meaning to the word very ( pre- wise = very wise );
- the prefix can be replaced by another prefix re - (off = off).
| The prefix at - is written when: - it has the value of joining, approaching ( when hitting, when walking);
- the prefix denotes the location of an object close to, not far from anything ( when coastal, when sea);
- indicates that the action called a word is completed ( when knocked);
- the prefix has the meaning of incompleteness of action ( when opened, i.e., opened incompletely).
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The table highlights the basic rules for writing consoles. However, the entire spelling section "Spelling of prefixes" with its special cases cannot be placed in one table. So, in writing prefixes pre - and with - there are many nuances. Sometimes it is difficult to determine the meaning of these prefixes in words. Such cases must be checked in a dictionary and memorized. The spelling of prefixes and the spelling of words should not be confused, where combinations of the letters pre and pri are part of the root (nature, lovely). Of course, in the latter case, their spelling is already determined by tradition or by selecting cognate words.
Not included in the table and the rules for writing non / n and in negative adverbs and pronouns. Their spelling depends on the location of the accent. Under stress is written e , and in an unstressed position - and ( not / when - not when /; not / who - not who / ).
So, let's summarize the study of the spelling "spelling prefixes." Writing them in some cases must be remembered; in other words, the choice of vowels of the prefix depends on the meaning of the word itself (pre- / pri-); There are also cases where, on the contrary, the selected vowel determines the meaning of the whole word (no- / ni-) and, finally, the category of prefixes in which the choice of consonant depends on the next sound (prefix on s / s).
It is necessary to learn to distinguish all these cases, and if it is difficult to check yourself in the spelling dictionary.