The ability to correctly distinguish complex sentences, the types of complex sentences largely determines the skill to correctly use punctuation marks. The punctuation mark itself depends on what kind of connection is present between the parts, because it is no secret that, in addition to the comma, you can use a colon, dash, or semicolon. We will talk about how to correctly distinguish between types of complex sentences in an article.
The offer is simple and complex
A sentence is the basic syntactic unit of any language. It is with the help of them that people not only talk, but also think, write. The syntax deals with the study of sentences. This part of language science defines simple and complex sentences, types of complex sentences. This section also shows how words are linked into syntactic units.
By studying syntax, a person develops his speech: it becomes rich, accurate, harmonious and expressive. Indeed, one can speak using simple sentences, but it’s completely different - to apply complex syntactic constructions, colored by comparisons, expanded metaphors.
Closely related to the syntax is punctuation. The center of her knowledge is the ability to correctly use punctuation marks. This is very important, because in this way the thoughts of the writer become clear and understandable.
Types of offers
Sentences in Russian are divided into simple and complex. The main determining factor here is the number of grammatical bases. If she is alone, the offer is simple. For example: "Autumn painted the streets with colorful leaves." (subject - autumn, predicate - colored, respectively, the sentence is simple). It is a completely different matter if the proposal has more than one basis. In this case, it refers to the complex: "Autumn painted the streets with colorful leaves, but this riot will not last long." Subject No. 1 - autumn, predicate No. 1 - painted; subject No. 2 - rampage, predicate No. 2 - will last. Thus, in this example, the sentence is complex.
Do not confuse a complex and complicated sentence. Often a homogeneous predicate is taken as the second grammatical basis. For example: "Autumn has fallen and painted the streets with colorful leaves." This sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates: offensive, colored.
Simple suggestions: differences and characteristics
All types of simple and complex sentences are distinguished by two parameters: the purpose of utterance and intonation. The first implies syntactic units of narrative, interrogative and incentive. Intonationally distinguish non-exclamatory and exclamatory sentences.
Simple sentences, in turn, are delimited by several parameters.
- Common and non-common. Here we draw attention to the presence of secondary members. "Kittens are playing." - "Cute kittens are playing on the front lawn." The first sentence is not distributed, here only the subject (kittens) and the predicate (play). In the second case, the sentence is widespread: for the same grammatical basis, there are circumstances (on the lawn, in front of the house) and definition (cute).
- One-part and two-part. The former have only one of the main members: "I can’t leave the house." Here, only the predicate is available.
- Complicated and not. A simple sentence can be complicated by a separate definition, addition or circumstance: "A person reading books will always be an interesting conversationalist." “Reading a book” is a stand-alone definition expressed by the participle. In addition, homogeneous terms, introductory words and constructions, comparative turns also make the sentence complicated.
- Complete and incomplete. The latter do not have any member, main or secondary. Out of context, their meaning is incomprehensible.
Division of complex sentences depending on the type of connection
Types of connections of parts of a complex sentence and words in a phrase - composing and subordinate. Consider them in the context of a complex sentence.
If the two parts of the sentence are equivalent, there is no question between them - we have a creative connection. It is expressed with the help of creative unions and intonationally.
If one of the parts depends on the other, we can easily ask a question between them, then there is a subordinate connection. It is realized with the help of subordinate unions, union words and intonation.
Only parts that are composed of union-free complex sentences are intonationally connected. Types of complex sentences are discussed in detail below.
Complicated sentence
Parts in a complex sentence (hereinafter referred to as BSP) are interconnected both intonationally and with the help of creative unions. The latter are divided into three groups: connecting, dividing and opposing.
Accordingly, the following types of complex sentences will stand out:
- BSC with connecting unions. The most common - and, yes, yes and, but (equal in value and), as well. These sentences convey more often the meaning of time, simultaneity or sequence of actions. For example, the sentence: "A black cloud appeared in the sky, and only a minute later lightning flashed." Here the sequence of events is framed not just with the help of the union and , it is further strengthened by the circumstance of time: in a minute . Also, BSC with connecting unions can indicate the meaning of cause or effect: "I am tempered every morning, and therefore diseases are alien to me." The causal significance is reinforced by circumstance therefore .
- In the BSP with opposing unions (but, a, yes (equal in meaning but), but, however) one event or phenomenon is opposed to another. "We all speak different languages, but sorrow and happiness are expressed by people in the same way." In such proposals, particles are often added to a compositional union, but only a particle is generally used without a union: “Only a song needs beauty, beauty doesn’t need songs” (I. Bunin).
- Separation unions or, or, such and others form another type of complex sentences. They express the meaning of alternation or the possibility of an event: "Either I am sleeping, or everything is actually happening" (variability of the event). "Either the snow is falling, the wind is howling, the snowstorm is sweeping."
Complex sentence
Complicated sentences are a completely different matter. The types of complex sentences of this kind are diverse. However, all of them are united by the existence of two unequal parts: the main and the subordinate. From the first we can easily ask a question to another. "You need to read only those works that educate and teach to think." The first part is the main one. Ask a question: "K" what books? The answer will be the second part, respectively, it is the subordinate clause.
It is noteworthy that the relative clause is not always after the main one. It can stand in front of him: "If we leave early, we will have time to take better places." Also, the subordinate clause may be “lost” inside the main one. "The branches of the willow, which the frost slightly touched, were beautiful in the autumn." It should be remembered that the subordinate clause is always separated from the main by commas.
Depending on the value, various complex sentences are distinguished. Types of complex sentences with a subordinate relationship will be determined by the subordinate clauses that are part of it:
- Subordinate clauses.
- Predictable subordinate clauses.
- Definitive clauses.
- Additional clauses.
- The adverbial circumstances.
Union-free compound sentence
There are such types of connections of parts of a complex sentence, when their dependence on each other is transmitted only with the help of meaning and intonation. In this case, we are talking about union-free complex proposals. It follows from the definition that there are no subordinate or composing unions here. Punctuation marks, as well as various types of complex sentences impersonal, are determined only by semantic meanings.
Commas in similar syntactic units are extremely rare. More often - a colon and a dash. The first is set if there is a reason in the second part. "I'll go on foot: it will be better for everyone." A colon should also be used if there is an explanation or additional meaning. A dash is set if the second part denotes the opposition: "A tree grows - a man cuts." Compare: "A tree is growing, but a man is chopping." Or time, condition, consequence.
Offer with various types of communication
There is one more type of complex offers, containing the above, which is a complex offer with different types of communication. It consists of several blocks connected by a composing link or unionless.
To better understand this type of syntactic units, let’s take a look at an example. "Some argue that the craving for memories comes with age - I think they are wrong." Let's analyze the types of communication in a complex sentence. There are two blocks that are complex sentences. Between them is the union-free connection, expressed by the value of the opposition, therefore a dash is put. So, the first block ends with the age of the word, then the second block.