In international practice, operations with tolling raw materials are called tolling, which is a type of countertrade and is characterized by the processing of raw materials made available to the processor. Moreover, tolling is equivalent to the volume of goods. Delivery of finished products is made out by contract. Processing of tolling raw materials is practiced, for example, in the production of petroleum products from oil, in the aluminum and electronic industries, in the production of consumer goods, in sewing clothes from customer material. Operations with tolling raw materials are carried out within the borders of one country (internal trolling), and external trolling can also be carried out - processing of raw materials received from abroad.
The economic content and accounting of tolling raw materials is that the owner of the raw materials, not having their own processing capacities, provides it to the processing enterprises in the volume necessary for the production of a certain amount of goods. The cost of raw materials the customer covers the processor associated with the production costs, and also provides the enterprise with a certain share of profit.
The contract for tolling raw materials is concluded, on the one hand, by the owner, supplier of raw materials and the buyer of processed products, and on the other hand, the contract is signed by the processing company. The subject of the contract is the processing of raw materials into finished products according to the agreed conditions, indicators and technical and economic standards. As a supplement to the contract, the parties located on the same territory conclude an agreement between themselves, which stipulates in detail all the features and conditions for the supply of raw materials.
Companies supplying tolling raw materials to the foreign market must remember that the cost of the raw materials and finished products provided is determined on the basis of world prices in the implementation of international supplies, and in domestic operations, according to wholesale prices.
Customs control is applied to international transactions, in which case trolling operations are called processing under customs control. Its application allows you to free the parties to the contract from economic measures of state influence, taxation by export duties, if the customs control confirms that during the production process the products were made from raw materials specified in the contract, and that these products are subject to export.
A feature of the fulfillment of obligations under a trolling contract is that compensation for losses and payment of fines is usually not in cash, but in commodity form. If the supplier delivered raw materials in violation of the deadline or of inadequate quality, then at the request of the processor, he must provide an additional quantity of raw materials that will compensate for the losses and cover the amount of fines.
In Russia, operations are also carried out on a commission basis. The use of trolling makes it possible to carry out large international orders in the conditions of the economic crisis, with a lack of current assets and a lack of financing from raw material producing enterprises. So, for example, through operations on the processing of tolling raw materials, the textile enterprises of Saratov and Moscow were able to sew and export to the United States large batches of men's coats and women's suits made from accessories and fabric of the supplier. Under the trolling contracts, the Sayan Aluminum Plant was able to process the supplied raw materials and export aluminum finished products.