One of the independent parts of the speech of the Russian language is the Verb. The verb denotes the action, the state of the subject. His main questions are: what to do? what to do? This part of speech has many morphological features, on which its place in speech and the syntactic role in the sentence depend. The topic of this article is “Verbs of the Perfect Form”, therefore, before speaking about them, you need to find out the meaning of their category: type. A category of a species is a grammatical category of a verb; it is inherent in all its forms and shows action in time. The verb “decided” and “decided” are similar in meaning, but differ grammatically. Decided - the verb is perfect. view, it indicates the completed action, that it is completed and limited. Solved - the verb is imperfect. view and does not contain the limits or completeness of the action. In the Russian language there are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect.
The perfect form of the verb
Already by one name - a verb of a perfect form - it can be understood that we are talking about an action that began, completed, completed or will end. There is a limit, a boundary, the result of an action. Therefore, the questions of the perfect form of the verb are: what to do? What did you do? what did you do? what will you do
So, for example: in the past tense
“I read a book” means: I read everything to the end;
“I wrote a letter” means: the letter is ready;
“I learned a language” means: I know a language;
“We sang a song” means: to the end.
Whereas the sentences: “I wrote a letter”, “I read a book”, “I sang a song”, “I studied a language”, mean that the action took place, but whether it was brought to the end is unknown.
Verb species differ mainly in meaning and tense. Verbs of a perfect form have past and future simple tenses: they make (top), write (write), play (play), read (read), and study (study). The endings in the future simple are the same as in the present tense for the verbs are imperfect. type: I read, play.
Verbs imperfect. species have the forms of the present., past. and future. difficult time. The sentences “We will build”, “We will study” only say that the actions will be completed, but not about whether they will be completed. Whereas the sentences “We will build”, “We will study” say that something will be built to the end, it will be studied and we will know. This connection of species with the various formation of temporary forms leads to errors in the use of speech of the present instead of the future, future instead of the present.
So, instead of the proper education of the future tense: I will say, I’ll go, I’ll take it, I will begin, - people who do not speak the language well say: I will say, I will go, I will start.
Education and species pairs
The initial form of the formation of perfect verbs is mainly imperfective verbs. a species with the addition of prefixes, suffixes, contrasting suffixes, alternating in the root, moving stresses, expressing species with different roots, words. Species pairs are formed.
1. Verbs of a perfect form are formed by adding the suffix -nu to verbs of an imperfect form: jump-jump, swing-swing. These verbs emphasize brevity and instantaneity.
Some verbs with the suffix -nu- have the last consonants before the suffix: throw-throw, drown-drown, whisper-whisper. The suffix -nu- in verbs of a perfect form indicates the result, limit, completeness of the action (disappear, achieve), the one-time action (push, shout, wave), the intense beginning of the action (gush, bang)
2. Prefixes give the verb the meaning of completeness, without changing the basic lexical meaning of the word: write – write, write off; go blind — go blind; turn gray - turn gray; build – build; do – do; get stronger – get stronger.
But often prefixes give new lexical meaning to the verb perfect. types: read - re-read, read, read
Prefixes, along with the meaning of completeness, can add other shades to verbs, indicate the relation of action to time. So, the prefix on some verbs brings the meaning of limited action in time, for example: today I read, worked, walked (I read and stopped for some time, worked and stopped working for some time, walked for a short time.)
The prefixes za-, after connecting with some verbs add to the word the meaning of the beginning of the action: sing-sing (started to sing); make noise, make noise (started to make noise); fly-fly (started to fly)
For instance:
The forest rang, groaned, crackled, the Hare listened and ran away. ( N. Nekrasov )
The eagles whistled and squealed even more pitifully. Then the eagle suddenly cried out loudly, spread its wings and flew heavily to the sea ... ( L. Tolstoy )
3. Sometimes species pairs of verbs are formed from different roots, words: put-put. Remember the words and combinations with which verbs of a perfect form are used: all of a sudden, unexpectedly, suddenly, once, once, suddenly, once.
Practice!
Here is an illustrated text. Find perfect verbs in the text. Explain the difference in the meaning of the verbs perfect. and imperfect. kind of.
Hunting
The handsome eagle slowly makes a circle over the sea. His flight is so calm and graceful. So he stopped for a moment in the air, as if someone was holding him by the thread. Something happened. This predator saw prey in clear water. Suddenly and swiftly, the eagle began to fall down a stone.
And already at the very water, on the fly, he grabbed his victim with his beak and rose sharply. The fish shakes its tail, tries to free itself from its beak, but the eagle holds its prey with a dead grip, without interrupting the flight.
Finally, he found a place for lunch away from his rivals. Important, with a proud bearing, with fire in his eyes, the eagle settles down for a meal.