Phraseologisms are expressions, stable combinations of words in which the replacement of individual components is unacceptable. The article will give a description of these designs, the classification is given. We will also consider examples of phraseological units in the Russian language and some historical information. Particular importance will be given to the properties of speed groups.
Theory of Charles Ballie
To begin with, it should be said that the school subject "Russian Language" (Grade 2) is studying construction data. Phraseologisms were first described by Charles Bally (French linguist). It was he who gave these constructions a definition. He also clarified that these turns are the opposite of phraseological groups. Parts of the latter may create various combinations. Such, in brief, is the origin of phraseological units. Next, we consider groups of structures in more detail.
Classification
What is phraseologism in Russian? Subsequently, it was determined by the domestic linguist Viktor Vinogradov. He established that all these revolutions are distributed in several groups. The first is called mergers, or idioms, the second is called "unity", and the third is called "combinations." Vinogradov ’s colleague , Nikolai Shansky, added another species to this classification, called “phraseological expressions”.
General properties
Considering the question of what phraseological unit in Russian is, one should mention the properties of this construction. This combination is an entire construction that cannot be separated. In it, as a rule, the permutation of constituent elements is unacceptable. This property can manifest itself in different ways. As a rule, it is impossible to understand what phraseology means when separating. The meaning of the construction is lost if you rely on individual words, or rather, on their definition. Lexiconization is the process of transforming an ordinary phrase into a stable construction. Through this process, phraseological units can be compiled. There are several sequentially composed characteristics of the structures under consideration. Summarizing the basic information about what phraseological unit is in the Russian language, it should be said that each combination has the properties of reproducibility, stability, superword and belonging to the nominative inventory of the language.
Fusion
This combination is a construction whose value cannot be calculated based only on the definition of its individual components. This is due to the fact that the elements of the combination have lost their independence. They include, for example, such a design as "Sodom and Gomorrah", indicating excessive clutter, noise. Some idioms can be classified as archaisms. Everyone knows such phraseological units as examples, such as “beat the bacilli”, which means lounging (the literal meaning is the preparation of logs to create everyday objects from them). Popular is considered the idiom "through the sleeves", which says that something is done poorly. Nowadays, these phraseological units are relevant, but their literal meaning is not clear to many.
Imagery of designs
This property is considered the basis for all other characteristics of phraseological units. Emotion, appreciation and expressiveness begin from imagery. Let us dwell on these qualities in more detail. The phraseological emotion is considered to be that a stable expression is able not only to characterize an object or person, but also to show the attitude of the speaker to it. Emotionality creates a property such as value. In this vein, all stable combinations can be divided into two categories: those that have a positive characteristic, and those that show a negative judgment. Expressions from the first group can mean approval (as in the phraseology “blood with milk”), respect (“lay down”) and admiration (“master of thoughts”). The constructions of the second category express irony (for example, "carry water with a sieve") and neglect ("clerical rat"). Expressivity, however, shows the degree to which this property is manifested. For example, the phraseology “pure water” means “true, most faithful”.
Classification by expressive-stylistic properties
Speaking about what phraseological unit in Russian is, it should be said about the division of these structures into two main groups. The first includes interstyle revolutions. They can be used in any field and in any style of speech. In the second group are colloquial-household combinations. Such designs are most often used in everyday life. One more group stands out especially - book phraseological units. They are used only in literary speech. Phraseologisms in the Russian language can represent both sentences and phrases.
Unity
This term refers to a certain stable combination of words in which each component has retained its own individual meaning. And the meaning of the whole turnover is formed on the basis of a combination of the meanings of the elements. Phraseological unity, like ordinary constructions, is not without the property of imagery. All components of this expression have direct meanings, and collectively create a figurative.
Revolution Features
If we analyze phraseological units in more detail, we can conclude that they are based on any paths that take the form of a metaphor. Examples of such expressions are combinations of the words "gnaw at the granite of science" and "go with the flow." Words here, although they have their own meanings, in the case of single use do not carry a semantic load. By interacting, they create a single picture. A feature of such expressions is that foreigners can understand their literal translation. At the same time, phraseological unity cannot be divided into smaller linguistic units and change the order of words in them. If you try to replace any word with a synonym, the expression will cease to be phraseological unit. So, if we take the combination “gnaw the granite of science” and replace the word “granite” in it with, for example, “basalt”, then the meaning will be lost. However, there are situations when such adjustments simply slightly change (expand or narrow) the meaning of phraseological units. For example, "get caught" and "get caught in the net." A feature of phraseological unities is considered to be that they allow the breakdown of expression in official and even independent words. In the turnover of "bring to white heat" you can substitute "yourself, them, someone else." From the combination "pour water to the mill", you can make the combination "pour water to your mill", "... to its mill", "... to another's mill."
Combinations
By these constructions we mean such phraseological units that consist of words that have a free meaning and those that have a definition that is used only in a specific utterance. Combinations, along with unity, being stable constructions, get their definition from the totality of the meanings of individual words.
Combination Properties
A feature of phraseological combinations is that for them a change in vocabulary is permissible. Some elements can be removed, changed to synonyms and other language elements. For example, there are idioms “burn from love”, “burn from shame”, “burn from hatred”. As you can see, in the second part of the statement, you can substitute any word. However, the first, with the word "burn", should remain unchanged. Therefore, two types of components of phraseological combinations are distinguished - constants and variables. Moreover, not all words are variables. A certain amount of such parts of the expression is allocated. So, the combination of “burn out from passion” can be considered a generalized option for all of the above structures. In addition, substitution of variable parts by synonyms is allowed. In the expression "burn with shame" instead of "shame" you can substitute "shame" or "shame."
Expressions
Phraseological expressions are those revolutions that are freely divided into parts. Moreover, these elements are independent and have a certain value separately from the utterance. Such constructions are stable, in speech they are used in a specific vocabulary. Phraseological expressions are used in the form of complete sentences that have an edifying meaning or some kind of conclusion. Therefore, this definition can be called aphorism and a proverb. In addition, phraseological expressions include professionalism and the cliches inherent in speech. The latter may also include wishes, such as “all the best”, “until we meet again”. Not all linguists agree that these expressions belong to phraseological units, because they do not have the main properties of stable structures.
Historical information
Phraseologisms existed in different languages for a long time. However, they did not have a precise and uniform definition. And only from the end of the XVIII century began to appear a large number of synonyms for their designation. For example, such constructions were called “winged expression”, “idiom”, “aphorism”. Mikhail Lomonosov himself, carried away by the creation of a plan for the dictionary of our language, believed that the revolutions under consideration were its integral part. Idioms began to be studied in depth only a few decades ago. Until the middle of the last century, scientists could only reason and speculate on the properties and characteristics of phraseological units.
Huge work on the study of stable expressions was done by the linguist Viktor Vinogradov. It was he who created the classification of all revolutions according to their properties. Phraseology is not fully understood; its new facets are still being discovered. Modern linguists cannot accept one specific definition of phraseology, putting forward new versions. In addition, some scientists believe that sustainable designs need to be distinguished into two concepts. The first is considered more specific, and only idioms are attributed to it. The second is broader. Both proverbs and sayings can be added here. In schools, persistent expressions begin to be studied in the second grade. Phraseologisms are stable combinations that adorn speech. That is, if you do not undertake in-depth study, then idioms can be designated as follows. These indivisible expressions with lexical meaning, indicating phenomena, properties, states and signs, are present in the Russian language in a fairly large number. All of them make speech brighter and more emotional.