When translating, it is important to select the semantically, grammatically and stylistically correct words. In order to use unfamiliar words, it is advisable to resort to the help of explanatory dictionaries, grammatical pointers and directories of compatibility. Further, to understand how to translate sentences from Russian into English, we can consider the general algorithm for constructing sentences. It is based on the division of sentences into components, their correct and relatively simultaneous translation and reproduction of the sequence of occurrence of members in the English syntax.
Step -0- Analysis
How to translate sentences from Russian into English? First, we analyze the Russian sentence. What type of information does it contain - affirmation, denial, question, request / order or conditional statement? We differentiate the members of the sentence:
1) the predicate answers the question “what does it do?”, “What state is it in?”, “What is happening?”;
2) the subject answers the question “who?”, “What?”;
3) the supplement answers the question “to whom?”, “Why?”, “Whom?”, “Why?”, “For whom?”, “For what?”, “By whom?”, “What?”, “Through what? ”;
4) the circumstance answers the question “where?”, “When?”, “Why?”, “Why?”, “How?”, “To what extent?”;
5) the definition answers the question “what?”, “Whose?”.
We determine the collateral. In the active voice, the subject is the actor himself, in the passive voice he takes action. We determine the time - present, past, future, conditional (“would”). We define the aspect - indefinite (in general), lasting (specific process), completed (effect, experience), completed lasting (effect of the long process), it depends on the meaning that the proposal carries.
Translation into English can be carried out in the following steps.
Step -1- Circumstances in the first position
If the circumstance is emphasized, it is put in the first place. If this is a circumstance of a place, the predicate can go before the subject.
Step -2- Subject
Subject is put. English language sentences require a subject in almost any situation. Therefore, if the sentence is impersonal, a formal subject is put - usually 'It'. In the question, the subject comes up with the corresponding auxiliary verb.
Step -3- Predictable
Next comes the predicate. If the predicate is not expressed by a verb, a linking verb is used. The person, number and time are reflected in the first verb of the predicate. Additional auxiliary verbs depend on time and voice. If you need to express negation, this happens either by adding the particle 'not' to the auxiliary verb, or by introducing another suitable negative word ('no', 'no one', 'nothing', 'nobody', 'neither', 'never' ) before the desired word. Verbs can have dependent words expressed by an adverb or a group of adverbs that appear before the verb. In the passive voice, the verb is used in the past participle, and before it is put 'be' in the appropriate form. If there are several auxiliary verbs, 'be' comes last.
Step -4- Addition
A predicate is given a complement (if any), it can be attached directly or - if a predicate cannot take direct additions - through the appropriate preposition.
Step -5- Circumstances
If time is not expressed by circumstance, it goes after the addition. If a sentence has more than one supplement, they usually alternate in the following sequence: mode of action, place, time. However, in order to put emphasis, they can be interchanged.
Step -6- Definition
The definition does not have a clear position in the sentence because it refers to a noun. A noun, in turn, can be part of any member. A definition can be expressed by a possessive pronoun (My, Our, Your, His, Her, Their) or an adjective. If one word has several definitions of adjectives that go in a row, between them, as a rule, the following order is established: size, shape, age, color, nationality, material. Subjective adjectives expressing opinion ('bad', 'good', 'nice') go to objective and descriptive ('clean', 'comfortable').
Other designs
How to translate sentences from Russian into English in the imperative and subjunctive mood? In requests, orders and orders (imperatives) the subject is omitted, and the verb is always in the basic form. Conditional sentences express assumptions or probability / improbability. Depending on the situation, various constructions can be used - inversion of the subject and predicate, subjunctive mood, past undetermined time, conjunctions such as 'if / if' and modal verbs 'should', 'would'.
If desired, any member can be put in the first place, logically highlighting it thereby, with the introduction of certain designs.
Some situations require a more formal style. How to translate sentences from Russian into English, if you need to reflect polite treatment? To do this, in English, as well as in Russian, the past tense is used, in this case - the past indefinite ('could you', 'I was wondering', 'did you').