Which words are called dialecticism, and which are called professionalism?

The lexical stock of the Russian language is very large. Not a single linguistic scientist has been able to compile the most complete dictionary in which absolutely all words would be reflected and interpreted. Even the famous Dahl dictionary, containing the largest number of lexical units of all existing ones, does not fully cover the language. Words arise in a language in the course of a person’s activity when he masters or invents a new one. Along with those tokens that are familiar to many, in the language there are also those that are used by limited groups of people. They will be the subject of our consideration. In the article, we will reveal what words are called dialectisms, professionalisms, and jargon.

Common vocabulary

The bulk of the words that are used by most speakers in Russian refers to common, that is, to those that are understandable to everyone and everyone. A tower, a house, a table, a chair, a sea, a book, a forest, a field, a river, and many, many others. They are used by everyone, without exception, regardless of specialty, place of residence, lifestyle and age group.

All these words are divided by meaning and grammatical structure into parts of speech: adjectives or verbs, nouns or numerals, pronouns, adverbs.

In addition, such words are suitable for each of the styles of speech: they are used equally in colloquial, official business, and journalistic styles.

Another thing is vocabulary, limited in use. These restrictions may apply to a specific territory, profession, age or social group. Before using them in speech, it is necessary to determine the situation of speaking for yourself and clearly know which words are called dialecticism and which are called professionalism. These words are distinguished by the fact that they are incomprehensible and difficult for the average person to perceive even in context.

Dialectisms

It is customary to distinguish common vocabulary depending on which principle it is limited to. It will depend on what words are called dialectisms, which are professional, and which are slang. To begin, we will analyze the first.

Russia is a very large country, it is inhabited by a mass of nationalities, and on each territory there are such tokens that are understandable only to its inhabitants. It is noteworthy that they all have an analogue among commonly used words, and the speakers clearly understand what words are called dialectisms. When talking with a person unfamiliar with the lexical flavor of their locality, the speakers of such words “switch” to the common language.

We have already explained what words are called dialectisms, their examples are very numerous: smoking is called a house among the Don Cossacks, and only the risen rye is called winter in the north of the country.

Types of Dialectisms

It should also be said about groups of dialect words, depending on their origin and grammatical content, they are:

1. Lexical. Those that represent a completely different word, completely unlike the equivalent in a common language: beetroot - beets, sash - belt, tsibula - onions and others.
2. Ethnographic. These words have no analogues in the language, understandable throughout the country. Most often these are the names of dishes, cultural and ethnic features: gates - Karelian rye pastry pies, manarka - a piece of clothing and others.
   
3. Lexical and semantic. These are those that in a particular area have been endowed with a value different from the common one. So, in some places the word lips means all mushrooms, except for mushrooms, and the word bridge refers to the floor in the house.
4. Phonetic. This group of dialects is a variant of the pronunciation of bull words. So, tea is pronounced with the first consonant [c], and the farm with the initial consonant [xv]. Such dialects are in the southern and northern regions.
5. What words are called word-forming dialectics? Those who have changed their style or pronunciation by adding or removing various affixes (the root where the meaning of the word is enclosed remains unchanged): guska - female goose, quinoa - for now, darma - for nothing.
6. Morphological. The word has undergone grammatical changes in its form. So, the verb of the 3rd person can have a soft ending: it is ideal [t] (norm) it is ideal [t], or personal pronouns in the instrumental case find the ending e in the singular: by me (norm) - me .

Speaking about what words are called dialectisms, it should be noted that they can often be found not only in specific places, but also in literary works. For example, a lot of them are in the works of F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Gogol. This is necessary for the author to convey the special flavor of a particular locality, village or farm.

Terms

We gave a definition and sorted out what words are called dialectisms. And what kind of professionalism is considered? What is their difference, and why do they occupy a special niche in obscene vocabulary?

These words are limited by society: a profession or scientific knowledge of any particular field. Such tokens are divided into two large groups: terms and professionalisms. To begin, consider the first.

The terms define any scientific concept, phenomenon, characteristic of various fields of knowledge (science, art or production). In the previous sections, when speaking about which words are called dialectisms, we did not indicate that each of them has its own definition or definition. This is precisely the difference in terminological vocabulary: a clear, concise, but capacious definition of the reality that this word denotes.

Types of Terms

Among the whole variety of terms, two groups can be distinguished:

1. General scientific. These are those that can be applied to any field of knowledge: hypothetics, experiment, reaction. Similar words are used most often.
2. Special They belong to any specific scientific field: linguistics (complex syntactic whole), biology (stamen, chord), geometry (straight line, plane), psychology (phlegmatic, sensation, perception).
   

Another difference between the terms is their extreme informativeness. It is unlikely that one such word can be replaced by another like that, only by a phrase or sentence. The characteristic quality of the modern Russian language can be considered the penetration of terms into everyday speech. So, we do not hesitate to use the words river, pond, atmosphere in everyday life. But this is all - geographical terms that have definitions in this science.

Professionalism

We sorted out almost all the words from the passive reserve, talked about terms, about which words are called dialecticism, and which are called professionalism. Examples of the latter will be considered in more detail in this section.

So, the words that are used in the production process or scientific work, and will be called professional. What is their difference from the terms? The fact that the latter have their own definition, which professional words cannot have . They are used most often in oral speech and denote a tool, process, raw material, etc. Such words are intended to facilitate the communication of workers in the workplace.

By the nature of their use, professionalisms are distinguished by areas in which people of certain occupations apply: miners, doctors, printers, builders, etc.

Jargon

A separate group is occupied by vocabulary belonging to certain social groups: youth (slang), professional and camp jargon and the so-called argo - a special language within the Russian language, which is spoken by thieves, tramps and so on.

Most often, you can hear slang - the language of youth and students. Words such as teacher, hostel, tail, cool, super are found everywhere in this group.