When a person sits down with a pen to a table or to a computer with the intention of writing something, he thinks about how to write this or that letter, to place punctuation marks. In oral speech, we usually care less about the correct pronunciation, and in vain. The science involved in the normative spelling of certain words is called spelling (from Greek - "spelling"), and a similar discipline about oral speech - orthoepy (in translation - "correct spelling"). To understand what is orthoepy, you need to have an idea of its basic laws and principles. Owning spelling skills is important, especially in the business sphere, the media, and also in order to create the impression of an intelligent person.
Dialects
Dialects are called variations in the system of one language. They are characterized not by global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of the language, but by particular ones. Naturally, only one version of a language cannot exist and develop normally. Dialects arise because people living in different territories, but speaking the same language, are subjected to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What is orthoepy and dialects is easier to understand with examples: remember the softened "g", which is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of the Ukrainian, or "letter-by-letter" pronunciation of St. Petersburg - the result of too many literate people.
Literary Russian Speech
In Russia, as elsewhere, there are a great many dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is considered to be pronunciations common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Basic rules of orthoepy of the Russian language
a) stunning. Consonant sounds in the Russian language sometimes become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of the word. Examples: in the word mushroom we pronounce "p", although we write "b" (end of the word);
b) before sonants, voiced and vowels, as well as at the beginning of a word, sounds are sometimes voiced (“c” in the word request).
We consider the pronunciation of vowels separately, since it is it that most differs in different dialects:
a) Akanye is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The opposite phenomenon - peril - is common in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "malAko" instead of "milk");
b) hiccup - “e” turns into “and” in an unstressed position (we speak in Ilican, not a giant).
c) reduction - that is, reduction of vowels in behind- or pre-shock positions, that is, faster and crumpled their pronunciation. There is no clear difference, as with stunning or hiccups. You can only observe on your own that we pronounce some vowels longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen carefully, is pronounced much longer than the first).
What is orthoepy for different languages of the world?
Morphological spelling is widespread in Russian - that is, morpheme uniformity throughout the entire process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in the roots and the spelling "s" after prefixes on the consonant). In Belorussia, for example, the system is phonetic: as we speak - we write. Therefore, for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what is orthoepy is much easier and much more important. Or, for example, in some languages of the world (Finnish, Turkish) words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, vowels all adjust to one thing - the stressed one. Over time, this principle turned into writing.
Correct speech
To master and constantly use the literary norms of the language is even more difficult than to write correctly, but, nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.