The grammar of the modern Russian language has ten parts of speech. They can be divided into interjections and not interjections, into independent and official ones.
Independent non-interjection parts of speech are divided into names, verb and adverb. There are three names in the Russian language: adjective, noun, numeral. Based on some signs, pronouns can be attributed to them.
Numeral as a nominal part of speech
What words refer to numerals? What question does the numeral answer? How is the numeral inclined? Far from a complete list of issues related to determining the name of a numeral.
Like all nominal parts of speech, the numeral is characterized by declension in the case paradigm. The initial form is considered the nominative case form. There is no genus category in the numerals (the exception is the numerals
two, one , ordinal numbers, and collective
both / both). The category of numbers, except ordinal numbers, is not determined for this part of speech.
Numerals may be all members of a sentence. Often they fulfill the syntactic role of the subject, definition or addition. Rarely are they predicates and circumstances. Phrases of the numeral and noun are indivisible and act as one member of the sentence.
Grammar digits of numbers
The numerals are semantically and grammatically divided into ordinal and quantitative. The rank is determined depending on what question the numeral answers. If by the way the questions are asked: “how much?”, “In what quantity?” , then it belongs to the category of quantitative numerals. The words that answer the question: “which one?” Are ordinal numbers.
Quantitative numeral names are divided into three subspecies: quantitative ones (twenty, forty eight, nine hundred), fractional (one fifth, nine tenths), collective (two, eight).
Structural Numeral Types
A numeral name may consist of one or more words. The numeral, consisting of one root, is simple: one hundred, three, a million, fifteen . If the number consists of one word, in which there are two roots, then this is a complex numeral: two hundred, five hundred, fifty, nine hundred . Compound numerals are numbers that include two or more words: thirty-fifth, twenty thousand seven hundred ninety-two, four-eighths, one point five tenths .
Numeral declension
Features of the declension of numerals is one of the complex topics of Russian morphology. There are few questions on the decline of simple numerals, although each numeral is unique. Simple and compound numerals tend differently if they belong to different digits. Complex quantitative numerals in declension alter both roots. In addition, each root changes as a separate numeral.
The declination of complex quantitative numbers| Case | Question | Examples |
| Nominative | how much? | fifty, four hundred, seven hundred |
| Genitive | how many? | fifty, four hundred, seven hundred |
| Dative | how many? | fifty, four hundred, seven hundred |
| Accusative | how much? | fifty, four hundred, seven hundred |
| Instrumental | how many? | fifty, four hundred, seven hundred |
| Prepositional | how many? | (o) fifty, (o) four hundred, (o) seven hundred |
A compound quantitative numeral in declension changes each word as a separate word.
Declension of compound quantitative numbers| Case | Question | Examples |
| Nominative | how much? | two hundred and fifteen, two thousand six |
| Genitive | how many? | two hundred and fifteen, two thousand and six |
| Dative | how many? | two hundred and fifteen, two thousand and six |
| Accusative | how much? | two hundred and fifteen, two thousand six |
| Instrumental | how many? | two hundred and fifteen, two thousand and six |
| Prepositional | how many? | (o) two hundred and fifteen, (o) two thousand and six |
Fractional numerals are always composite numerals (excluding the word one and a half ), with the declination of which each word changes.
Declension of fractional numbers| Case | Question | Examples |
| Nominative | how much? | three point three sixth, one point seven eight |
| Genitive | how many? | three point three sixth, point seven seven |
| Dative | how many? | three point three six one point seven seven |
| Accusative | how much? | three point three six, one point seven eight |
| Instrumental | how many? | three point three sixth, point seven seven |
| Prepositional | how many? | (o) three point three sixths, (turn) one point seven eighths |
The words one and a half and one and a half have a special paradigm of declension. They have only two forms: accusative and nominative cases: one and a half, one and a half hundred , and indirect cases: one and a half, one and a half hundred .
Ordinal numerals vary in the declension paradigm of adjectives.
Declension of ordinal numbers| Case | Question | Examples |
| Nominative | which account? | fifth, one thousand nine hundred and eighth |
| Genitive | which account? | fifth, one thousand nine hundred and eight |
| Dative | which account? | fifth, one thousand nine hundred and eight |
| Accusative | which account? | fifth, one thousand nine hundred and eighth |
| Instrumental | which account? | fifth, one thousand nine hundred and eighth |
| Prepositional | what account? | (o) fifth, (o) one thousand nine hundred and eight |
Ordinary composite numerals are inclined in a special way: in indirect cases only the form of the last word changes.
Spelling of numerals
In Russian, there are spelling rules for numerals, which should be followed.
- At the end of some numerals, a soft sign is required - b (from 5 to 20, 30). For other numerals, L is written in the middle of the word, after the first root (50, 60, 70, 80, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900).
- Separate composite numerals are written: 489 - four hundred eighty nine , 21453 - twenty one thousand four hundred and fifty-three .
- Fractional numerals have a separate spelling: six sevenths, one fourth .
- The thousand is inclined according to the paradigm of the noun 1 declension: thousand (cloud) - thousands (clouds) .
Spelling Ordinals
Spelling of ordinal numbers differs from spelling of quantitative. Compound numerals are written separately. Examples are as follows: 2010 - two thousand and ten , 34th - thirty-fourth . Consolidated ordinal numbers are written, ending in -Millionth, -thousand, -Billionth : 20000th - twenty thousandth , 5000000th - five - millionth .
The syntactic role of numerals
Simple and compound numerals perform identical roles in a sentence, often associating with a noun in a single member of a sentence. For example, the phrase “numeral + noun” may be subject: “One house was built. Twenty-three houses were built . ” However, the phrase “ordinal numeral + noun” is not one member of the sentence, and the ordinal numeral serves as a definition.
Numeral boundaries
In Russian linguistics, there has long been a question of defining the boundaries of a numeral as a part of speech.
Leading scientists emphasize the lack of formation of this part of speech. There is a group of linguists who do not recognize the numeral as a separate part of speech. In this regard, there are different opinions on determining the composition of the numerals. In the narrow sense, only quantitative are referred to as numerals: composite numerals, simple and complex, and ordinal numbers are included in the category of relative adjectives. In a broad sense, numerals include categories of quantitative and ordinal, as well as words that do not indicate a specific quantity:
as many, many, many, few.