Cultural speech is a sign of a truly educated, pleasant person. To learn to speak beautifully and correctly, you need to spend a lot of time. But this ability will certainly bear fruit in the future, because it is not in vain that they say "Language will bring to Kiev." It is necessary to be able to attract the attention of the audience and affect it emotionally, not only for the professional sphere, but also for everyday life.
General criteria for correct speech
As mentioned above, criteria such as accuracy, consistency, purity, richness, expressiveness, appropriateness of speech are important. We give each of them a brief definition.
The accuracy of speech is the correct correspondence of words with designated objects and phenomena of reality, as well as the correspondence of the generally accepted meaning of a word to its speech use.
Logical speech is the semantic consistency of parts in one statement, as well as the consistency of statements in the whole text.
The purity of speech is the absence of unacceptable, non-moral elements in the language.
The expressiveness of speech is its features that attract attention and interest.
The richness of speech is the use of a variety of linguistic constructions and means of language.
The relevance of speech is the correct use of language tools, which makes it appropriate for specific goals and conditions.
As much as possible we will talk today about the latter criteria.
Speech relevance is important
Each person needs to know in what situation, how and what is better to say. Speech expression also plays a role here. Relevance goes hand in hand with her, because each situation needs its own vocabulary and language figures. The less stereotyped a person thinks, the brighter his speech.
The relevance of speech is, firstly, the correspondence to the subject of the conversation, its substantive and emotional parts. Adequately applying language tools is sometimes difficult, but with practice this skill is developed. The relevance of speech is, secondly, the ability to determine the type of listeners and how they better perceive information.
Speech Relevance Types
The relevance of speech is of several kinds. They stand out in relation to:
1) style;
2) context;
3) situations;
4) personality and psychology.
The stylistic relevance applies to individual words, turns, constructions. Each style has its own characteristics that determine the relevance of speech. Examples may be: "University Street, how can I get there?", "She conceived and said." The second sentence in the artistic style would look like this: "The girl, having thought for some time, said." The stylistic difference between sentences of the same meaning is immediately apparent.
Every person at least once in his life has come across the fact that the same phrase or the whole sentence may have different meanings depending on the context. Style and context as criteria are very similar to each other, but there is a distinguishing feature between them. Sometimes it happens that a particular language tool may not be acceptable to the style, but in a specific context it will be appropriate. A striking example of this situation are verbal nouns. Business and scientific speech is unthinkable without them, and in other styles they already cut the ear. But sometimes in everyday speech in a certain context verbal nouns are used as well as possible.
The accuracy and appropriateness of speech in certain situations are sometimes distinguished at separate levels of the language. This means that at a university lecture it is worth using words from scientific vocabulary, adhere to an official-business style at business meetings, etc.
The personality and psychology of the interlocutor also take place when considering the appropriateness of speech. For example, if you see that a person does not have time to process what you tell him, it is worth lowering the pace of speech or expressing it in simpler words. Some people, on the contrary, do not like slow speech.
Speech clarity
Pure speech is speech in which there are no unusual language elements, language norms (stylistic and word-usage) are observed. To better understand what kind of speech is pure, just remember the direct meaning of the word, and you will understand everything.
Pure speech is speech without verbal garbage. Both the purity and appropriateness of speech create a favorable impression of the person.
What pollutes speech?
There are several categories of words that reduce the purity of speech. Let's consider each of them in more detail.
1. Dialectisms are words and verbal expressions that are characteristic of residents of a particular area. Dialectisms can be associated with vocabulary, ethnography, semantics, phonetics, and others. For example, South Russian dialect is characterized by words such as beetroot - beetroot, talk - talk, etc. Dialecticisms have a positive role, reflecting the originality and uniqueness of different regions of Russia, but at a higher level simplify speech.
2. Barbarianism - foreign words that are unnecessarily included in speech. Such situations often occur that the used foreign word has an analogue in the Russian language, but due to the emerging fashion for interspersing, there is a lot of controversy among the defenders of the Russian language. Yes, sometimes new terms from other languages come and are strengthened, as they indicate emerging phenomena and objects, but when instead of "art" they say "art" everywhere, this is an encroachment on the purity of the language.
3. Jargonisms are words from the vocabulary of people united by interests, territory or occupation. In the professional sphere, the use of jargon is justified, but their transfer to everyday speech is considered unacceptable, since it cuts the ear.
4. Vulgarisms - rude words and expressions that go beyond the limits of the Russian literary language. There is nothing special to say, because for everyday speech this is simply an unacceptable manner of communication. Only artists have the right to use vulgarisms to convey the characters of their heroes.
5. Words-parasites - words, particles, expressions that clutter up the utterance and prevent one from perceiving the meaning of what was said. The most common parasites are "well", "shorter", "type", "in general", etc.
Afterword
Many psychological books write that in order to be able to communicate with people, you need to speak correctly, clearly, and learn empathy. And this is true, for people with this skill, many doors are open for moving forward!