The design of the aircraft in many respects affects its running, technical and aerodynamic characteristics. The invention of this aircraft made it possible to make an incredible breakthrough in speeding over significant distances. Consider the elements and features of flying cars.
Aircraft Design Elements
The following are the names of the main parts that make up most modern aircraft:
- The main body of the aircraft (fuselage). It serves as a link to the whole skeleton, wings, power units, chassis and other external elements. Inside the fuselage is a cabin for crew members, a cargo and passenger compartment.
- Jet or standard powerful motors that propel the aircraft.
- Wing - a part that serves to stabilize the unit and create lift.
- For balance and vertical stability serves vertical plumage.
- The horizontal tail is responsible for the controllability and stabilization of the machine in the longitudinal part.
- Control system.
- Optional equipment.
Plumage
The classic design of the aircraft in the tail section is characteristic of most military and civilian modifications. In such a scheme, the horizontal plumage consists of a fixed stabilizer and an adjustable elevator.
The stabilizer is designed for stability of the aircraft relative to the transverse axis. When lowering the nose of the aircraft, the tail with the plumage is fed up. In this regard, the air pressure in the upper compartment of the stabilizer increases. The created load returns the stabilizer together with the fuselage to the desired position.
The equipment also includes rear vertical tail. It consists of a fixed element (keel) and an adjustable rudder. The principle of operation of the node is similar to the work of a horizontal analogue, only in the vertical plane.
The design of the aircraft ensures the stability of the device in two planes. Longitudinal stability ensures the location of the wing console at a certain angle with respect to each other, like the letter "V".
Controls
Steering surfaces play an important role in aircraft construction. The elevator is a movable rear stabilizer element. If this node is equipped with a pair of consoles, then there will be two rudders. They synchronously deviate down or up, helping to change the altitude of the glider.
Ailerons are moving parts of wing consoles. They allow you to stabilize the plane relative to the longitudinal axis. The work of the elements is carried out synchronously, the deviation of each part occurs in different directions.
The rudder is the active part of the keel, serves to stabilize the apparatus vertically. Rotation in the opposite direction from the rudder direction occurs until the pilot returns the helm to the neutral position.
Motor and other systems
The aircraft in question are equipped with various types of engines. They are responsible for speed gain and lift. Motors can be mounted in the front of the aircraft, behind and on the wings.
Power plants are divided as follows:
- Jet engines - include a pulsating dual-circuit unit with a jet turbine.
- Screw - represented by piston models and complex variations with a turbine.
- Rocket engines are liquid or solid fuel super-fast modifications.
The supporting structures of the aircraft include a number of details. The chassis is responsible for takeoff and landing of the device on the runways of airfields. On amphibians, peculiar ski-floats are used, which allow the machine to be operated on water or snow.
The design of the aircraft A-321
This copy is the largest representative of Airbus brand airliners. The aircraft is equipped with an elongated fuselage, has an increased indicator of passenger capacity. Among the common modifications of this series, two samples stand out: A231-100 with a low flight range in comparison with analogues, and A321-200 with an additional fuel tank and powerful motors.
In total, about a thousand aircraft of this brand were produced. Serial production of machines continues at the present time. The model meets all the required standards and has a good perspective for saturating the world market with airbuses.
The design of the A321 is simple and straightforward. The cabin capacity is about 200 passengers. The cruising speed of the aircraft is 900 km / h, and the maximum take-off altitude is 10.5 km. At the same time, the flight range varies about 4.3 thousand kilometers.
Pros and cons
Among the advantages of the design of the A321 aircraft, the following points can be noted:
- The machine has a high level of sound insulation.
- The device has good comfort for the crew and passengers.
- Spacious and comfortable lounge.
- Excellent technical parameters.
Among the shortcomings note the following aspects:
- A little outdated technical combinations, compared with the latest foreign models.
- Limited operation options.
The design of the A-321 aircraft provides for equipment with seats, which are located four in a row. They have a comfortable width, leather trim, built-in airbags. Inside, there are sockets for computers, as well as other amenities in terms of passenger comfort.
Classification
By designation, aircraft are divided into civilian and military designs. The main parts of the first option are equipped with a passenger or cargo compartment. They occupy most of the internal area of the fuselage.
Types of non-combat aircraft:
- Local passenger carriers. The range of their flight is from two to ten thousand kilometers, and the intercontinental category overcomes over 11 thousand km.
- Cargo models are divided into light, medium and heavy group. Depending on their qualifications, they are capable of transporting from 10 to 40 tons of cargo.
- Special aircraft. They are used for sanitary, agricultural, reconnaissance, fire-fighting needs, as well as aerial photography units.
- Educational modifications.
Military variations do not have such a comfortable cabin equipment. The main part of the fuselage is occupied by weapons systems, reconnaissance equipment, ammunition and special aids. The division of army gliders into classes: military transport models, fighters, attack aircraft, bombers, scouts.
The design of aircraft depends on the aerodynamic scheme by which they are made. It is characterized by the number of basic elements and the location of the bearing surfaces. If the nose of the aircraft is similar for most models, then the location and geometry of the wings and the tail can vary greatly.
In conclusion
It is worth noting that the AN aircraft, whose design refers to the type of classic design, is widely used in passenger and cargo air transportation. In general, several schemes of aircraft devices are distinguished. Among them:
- Classic design.
- Type "flying wing."
- Tandem design.
- Modification "Duck".
- Convertible and combined scheme.
- "Tailless."
Between themselves, the modifications differ in the layout of the nodes, the location of the motors, the exterior, the principle of take-off / landing, as well as the parameters of speed and load capacity.