Pointing particles: examples

What is a particle in Russian? Previously, particles meant all service parts of speech. In the XIX century. the representative of the Kharkov linguistic school A. V. Dobiash began to separate particles into a separate category, which was the beginning of a narrow approach to the issue of particles. Also, V.V. Vinogradov devoted his work to their research.

Indicative particles in the Russian language are included in the category of modal particles. In order to learn how to correctly identify examples of index particles in a sentence, it is not enough to learn this list, it is necessary to correctly determine the semantic relations within a phrase or sentence.

Particle as a separate part of speech

In modern morphology, a particle is the auxiliary part of speech, which carries the additional semantic, evaluative, or emotional meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence, and can also serve to form some forms of a word.

The particles themselves do not express lexical meaning, but they can be homonymous with some significant words.

Compare:

1. She has not arrived yet (still - an adverb). When else is she coming? (also a particle)
2. Summer was cold (it was - a verb). It went, but returned (it was - a particle).

The main difference between particles and prepositions and conjunctions is their inability to express grammatical relationships. Relative to the rest of the service words, the immutability and lack of a syntactic role (that is, they are not members of sentences) are related. However, it is worth noting that the word "yes" as an affirmative particle, and the word "no" as negative, no can become independent indivisible sentences. But one should not confuse the particle “no” and the negative word “no”, which is used in impersonal sentences. For example: "No, you just listen to her singing!" (no - particle). "I have no time" (no - a negative word). During parsing, a particle can stand out along with the main word on which it depends, or not stand out at all.

Types of particles depending on their composition

By their composition, the particles are divided into simple and composite. The simple ones consist of one word (whether, whether, however), and the composite ones consist of two (rarely more) words (that would, nevertheless, hardly). Compounds, in turn, can be disintegrated when in a sentence a particle can be separated in other words.

1. That would go to Moscow.
2. I wish I could go to Moscow.

And indivisible when the separation of the particle in other words is impossible. The phraseological particles are also indivisible, those combinations of official words, the semantic connection between which has now lost their original meaning (only look at it, or it’s something else).

Particle Functions

In oral and written speech, particles perform the following expression functions:

• incentive, subjugation, convention, desirability;
• subjective-modal characteristics and ratings;
• purpose, interrogation, affirmation or denial;
• actions or conditions depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.

Particle discharges

In accordance with the functions performed, all particles are divided into discharges:

1. Forming (let, yes, let, and so on). Used to form the imperative and conditional mood (let him run, he would run).
2. Negative (no water, no bread; does not bring, not at all funny).
3. Expressing a sign (action, condition) depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.
4. Modal particles. They carry additional semantic shades or express feelings.

Types of modal particles

The group of modal particles is quite extensive and can be divided into several types:

1. Pointing particles (here, out).
2. Interrogative particles (maybe, really).
3. Clarifying particles (just, exactly).
4. Excretory-restrictive particles (just, just, if only).
5. Amplifying particles (even, after all, after all).
6. Exclamation particles (like, what kind of thing, well, directly).
7. Particles expressing doubt (hardly, hardly).
8. Affirmative particles (exactly, yes).
9. Particles expressing a mitigation to the requirement (s).

Pointing particles

The discharge of a particular particle can only be determined in context, since many of them are homonymous. Therefore, it is necessary to know what values ​​the particles of each discharge have. Indicative particles are those that indicate objects, actions and phenomena of the surrounding reality, and also bind and emphasize words. The most common examples of this type: this, here, there it is, vernacular - in, some others. According to some studies, a postpositive particle also adjoins the indicative particles - in combinations of the type: at the same time, in the same place, in the same place where it is combined with pronouns by the agglutination method. Examples of pointing particles: “Here is my house”, “Over there is my garden”, “What song does this sound?”.

Some features of pointing particles

The specifics of the use of pointing particles can be seen in the example of a pointing particle - out. The fact is that in the process of using this particle in various contexts, a shift in emphasis is observed from it. For example, in the sentences: “There he goes” and “There it is,” the intonation distinction is clearly traced.

More clearly you can trace the relationship of the remaining discharges of particles with indicative in the table.

Particles are often used both in oral and in written speech, therefore, for their proper use, you need to be able to determine their value and rank. To train this skill, you can look for examples of pointing particles or other categories in fiction with daily reading.