The declension of adjectives in the Russian language is an invariable grammatical indicator that reveals features in the change of form by numbers, cases and childbirth. Adjectives have only three types of declension, each of which has special attributes.
Types of declensions of adjectives in Russian
The main declensions of adjectives: adjective, pronoun or mixed, zero:
- Adjective. In this type, qualitative, relative, verbal adjectives, as well as participles, are subject to change.
- Pronoun. This option provides for changes only in possessive forms.
- Zero This group includes exclusively unchanged forms, that is, adjectives not subject to declension in cases in Russian.
Adjective declension
The adjective type of declension of adjectives in Russian differs in that the spelling of a specific ending depends on the letter on which the base ends: on a hard, soft or hissing consonant. Also, after the basics on r, k, x, the endings are different. This is explained in detail in the examples below.
Mixed
Mixed declension is distinguished by the fact that when the plural forms change, they do not change their kind, and their endings are identical in all three cases. To this type can be attributed words in which the base ends in -th, -th, -th, -th, and possessive species, which have in their composition the suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn-.
Brief Adjectives
Declension of short adjectives in the Russian language is a non-existent grammatical attribute, since short forms do not change. Perhaps such forms can be found somewhere. For example, in old folklore publications, where the language is not subject to grammatical rules. There you can find combinations such as "put on a bare foot." Also in oral speech in some regions, the use of case forms of short adjectives is quite common. In this case, such a phenomenon is permissible, if necessary.
In literary Russian, the use of such forms is unacceptable, even if they seem correct. The combination will be evaluated as vernacular, or archaism.
Declension of nouns
The grammatical form of nouns is no less important topic, and sometimes even the most relevant. The declension of nouns and adjectives in the Russian language are similar processes. If the phrase changes, then knowledge of both topics is required. Nouns change their forms according to cases and numbers, this is what is considered a declination.
Different endings in different types of cases are usually structured, dividing them into three groups:
- The first decline. It includes nouns belonging to the female and male gender, having the endings -a, -i in the nominative case. Also in this group are general nouns, but it all depends on the context (hard worker, slut). An example would be the words: aunt, cat, girl, man, loop.
- The second declension. This group contains words denoting objects that are masculine with zero ending. It is also a middle gender, ending in -o, -e. For example, sun, author, snapping, tree, ending, trace, essay.
- The third declension is feminine nouns with zero endings (mother, youth, thing, branch, bitterness, sadness).
It is interesting that initially in the Slavic language, from which the modern grammar of the Russian language was formed, there were as many as six declensions that collected numerous groups of nouns.
In the combination of "adjective + noun" the first can not but change in cases, numbers and gender. It is important to know exactly how to do this, because adjectives often have a lot of problems. All declensions of adjectives in the Russian language are divided into three groups, each of which includes words depending on grammatical characteristics.
Examples of declension of adjectives
| case | Singular |
| Male gender | Feminine gender | Neuter gender |
| on solid | on soft | on solid | on soft | on solid | on soft |
| I. p. | Red Amber | Winter Late | Red Amber | Winter Late | Red Amber | Winter Later |
| R. p. | Of red Amber | Winter Late | Red Amber | Winter Of late | Of red Amber | Winter Late |
| D. p. | To red Amber | Winter Late | Red Amber | Winter Of late | To red Amber | Winter Late |
| B. p. | Red - red Amber - Amber | Winter - Winter Late - Late | Red Amber | Winter Late | Red Amber | Winter Later |
| T. p. | Red Amber | Winter Late | Red Amber | Winter Of late | Red Amber | Winter Late |
| P. p. | About red About Amber | About winter About late | Oh red About Amber | About winter About late | About red About Amber | About winter About late |
Declension of adjectives in Russian with a basis on g, k, x, c and hissing:
| Case | Singular |
| Male gender | Feminine gender | Neuter gender |
| on hissing | on g, k, x, c | on hissing | on g, k, x, c | on hissing | on g, k, x, c |
| I. p. | Screaming Best | Voiced Deaf | Screaming The best | Voiced Deaf | Screaming The best | Voiced Deaf |
| R. p. | Screaming Of the best | Voiced Deaf | Screaming The best | Call Deaf | Screaming Of the best | Voiced Deaf |
| D. p. | Screaming The best | To the ringer To the deaf | Screaming The best | Ringing Deaf | Screaming The best | To the ringer To the deaf |
| B. p. | Screaming - Screaming The best - the best | Voiced - Voiced Deaf - Deaf | Screaming The best | Voiced Deaf | Screaming The best | Voiced Deaf |
So, we examined the topic of declension of adjectives and nouns in Russian. Knowledge of the theory in this case is the most important component, without which the full development of the student is impossible.