Turning to someone, we call our addressee. This is the word that we call it, and is called in Russian language conversion. Sometimes it is expressed in a few words, between which punctuation marks or alliances are placed. Also often in a sentence, the phrase appears as an appeal. Examples: " Mom, I love you. Mom and dad , you are my dearest people. Dear mom , I love you."
What words are expressed by the appeal
Most often these are proper names, nicknames, nicknames, animated common nouns. Less commonly, inanimate objects act as circulation. Examples: " Anna , go out onto the balcony. Moscow , I love you as a son! Give me a paw, Jack . Let's sing, friends ! Farewell to the sea . "
What parts of speech are conversions expressed?
- Nouns in the nominative case: "How long can you wait, Boris ?!"
- Nouns in indirect cases: "Hey, on the ship ! Throw the lifeboat!"
- Adjectives used in the meaning of the noun: "We will not quarrel, dear . "
- Numerals: "Reception, reception! Respond, fourth !"
- Sacraments: "Be happy living !"
Intonation highlight
By increasing or decreasing the tone, pauses and special vocal intonation, you can find out the appeal. Examples for comparison: "The girl opened the window. / Girl , open the window!"
In the Old Russian language for the expression of appeals there even existed a form of vocative case. Partially, it was preserved in interjections: " my God, my God, fathers of the light , etc.".
Syntactic role
Appeals are never members of a proposal. They do not carry a semantic load, and their task is only to draw the attention of the addressee to the words spoken. They do not have grammatical relationships with sentence members. Here are examples of comparison with and without treatment: "Father talked to me quite strictly. / Father , talk to me." In the first case, the noun “father” is a subject in the sentence and is related to the predicate “talked”. In the second case, this word is a call, and it does not fulfill any syntactic role.
Expression of emotion
Feelings of joy and sadness, rage and admiration, affection and anger can express conversion. The examples show how emotion can be conveyed not only by intonation, but also by means of suffixes, definitions, applications: " Nadya , don’t leave us! Don’t think, miserable fanfarish , that scared me. Nightingale, my light , how sweet you sing!"
Vocative sentences. Common calls
The appeals can be very similar to the so-called vocative sentences. These sentences contain a semantic connotation. But he has no appeal. Examples of vocative sentences and sentences with the appeal: “Ivan!” She said in despair. / We need to talk, Ivan . ”
In the first case, we are dealing with a vocabulary sentence, which contains the semantic coloring of supplication, despair, hope. In the second case, this is just an appeal.
Examples of sentences in which this speech component is widespread demonstrate how verbose and detailed the treatment is: " Young maiden, that the braids are open and her lips are opened for a love song , you will dream to me. You , who spoke of fame and freedom, who forgot everything your promises , do not expect mercy. "
In colloquial speech, common addresses are dissected in a sentence: "Where, dear , are you going, man ?"
Conversation and Speech Styles
In literary and colloquial speech, stable expressions can be used as appeals : "Don’t torture me, sadness, longing ! Where are you leading me, stitches-tracks ?"
For calls, the use of constructions with a particle about is quite often characteristic. If this particle is used with the pronoun, it is usually accompanied by a definitive subordinate clause: " Oh you , who recently answered with a grin to me , your eyes went down?"
The treatment of particle a is more often found in colloquial speech: " Masha, but Masha, where is our porridge?"
Place of appeal in the offer
The appeal may be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: " Andrey , what happened to you yesterday? / What happened to you, Andrey , what happened yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday, Andrey ?"
Appeals may not be part of the proposal, but used independently: " Nikita Andreevich ! Well, why don’t you go?"
Handling punctuation marks
The appeal, in whatever part of the sentence it may be, is always separated by commas. If it is taken outside the design and is independent, then most often after it an exclamation mark is put. We give examples of sentences with treatment separated by punctuation marks.
- If the appeal is used at the beginning of the sentence, then a comma is placed after it: " Dear Natalya Nikolaevna , sing us!"
- If the appeal is located inside the sentence, it is isolated on both sides: "I recognize you, dear , by gait."
- If the appeal is placed at the end of the sentence, then we put a comma in front of it, and after it the sign that intonation requires - a period, an ellipsis, an exclamation point or a question mark: "What did you eat for dinner, children ?"
And here are examples in which the appeal is outside the scope of the sentence: " Sergey Vitalievich ! Urgent to the operating room! / Dear Motherland ! How often do I remember you in a foreign land!"
If the appeal is used with the particle o , then the punctuation mark is not placed between it and the appeal: " Oh dear garden , I again inhale the aroma of your flowers!"
Rhetorical appeal
Usually calls are used in dialogs. In poetic, oratory, they participate in the stylistic coloring of the message. One of such stylistically significant figures of speech is rhetorical appeal. We see an example in M. Yu. Lermontov’s famous poem, “The Death of a Poet”: “You, a greedy crowd standing at the throne, Freedom, Genius and Glory of the executioners!” (This, by the way, is also an example of common circulation.)
The peculiarity of the rhetorical appeal is that it, like the rhetorical question, does not require an answer or response. It simply enhances the expressive message of speech.